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Cognitive psyc > week 3 - from photos to phenomena > Flashcards

week 3 - from photos to phenomena Flashcards

1
Q

from eye to cortex

A

1) reception

2) transduction

3) coding

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2
Q

from eye to cortex
1) reception

A

absorption of physical energy (photons)
hits the retina and interacts with photoreceptors

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3
Q

from eye to cortex
2) transduction

A

physical energy converted into an electrochemical pattern
(done by photoreceptors)

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4
Q

from eye to cortex
3) coding

A

electrochemical pattern sent to the brain
one-to-one correspondence between aspects of the physical stimulus and aspects of the resultant nervous system activity

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5
Q

the eye and the retina
cones

A

colour, vision, sharpness of vision

6 million in retina
most in the FOVEA (the place where you are looking)

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6
Q

the eye and the retina
rods

A

vision in dim light and movement

125 million in outer regions of retina (peripherals)

no real colour processing in the periphery

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7
Q

perception is a….

A

constructive process

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8
Q

colour vision
visible light

A

electromagnetic spectrum
human eye most sensitive to the green range

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9
Q

colour vision
trichromatic theory

A

thomas young 1802
all colours by mixing the 3 primary colours

hermann von halmholtz - 3 types of colour receptor in human eye
- short (blue)
- medium (yellow-green)
- long (red)

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10
Q

colour vision
opponent-process theory

A

hering 1878
sighted people dont see eg blueish yellow

colour perception assumed to have three opponent processes
dual process theory (hurvick + jameson, 1957) linked these processes to combinations of inputs from the 3 cone types
- inputs from 3 different cones are processed in an opposition manner
- the difference between cones = different electrical signal

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11
Q

colour vision
colour consistency

A

the tendency for a surface to appear to have the same colour despite a change in the wavelengths contained in the light sauce
- evolutionarily helpful (sun)
——-> top-down influences

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12
Q

after the retina
what happens?

A

signals travel down two parallel pathways

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13
Q

after the retina
what are the two pathways?

A

parvocellular (P) pathway

magnocellular (m) pathway

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14
Q

after the retina
parvocellular (p) pathway

A

sensitive to colour and fine detail
most input from cones

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15
Q

after the retina
magnocellular (m) pathway

A

most sensitive to motion
most input from rods

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16
Q

after the retina
which direction do the pathways travel

A

info goes down optic nerve towards the back of the brain down the p and m pathways

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17
Q

the pathway from the eye to the brain
stages

A

retina —> optic nerve —> optic chiasm —> lateral geniculate nucleus (GN) —> cortical ares V1 (the primary visual cortex)

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18
Q

the pathway from the eye to the brain
direction of signal

A

the signals reaching the left visual cortex come from the left SIDE of the TWO retinas
(cross over at chiasm)
see notes for diagram

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19
Q

properties of visual neurons
retinotopy

A

things that are near each other are processed in cells physically near each other

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20
Q

properties of visual neurons
receptive fields

A

the region of the sensory space (ie retina) within which light will cause the neuron to fire

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21
Q

properties of visual neurons
lateral inhibition

A

a reduction of activity in one neuron that is caused by a neighbouring neuron
useful for enhancing contrast at the edges of objects

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22
Q

lateral geniculate nucleus

A

part of the thalamus
cells have a centre-surround receptive field
–> responds to different light
maintains a retinotopic map
correlates signals from the retina in space and time
—> rapid perception of if something is moving

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23
Q

primary visual cortex (V1)

A

back of the brain
extracts basic into from visual scene
sends info to later stages of processing
maintains retinotopy

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24
Q

primary visual cortex (V1)
single cell recordings

A

hubel and wiesel, 1979
- indicates some cells respond to simple features and others combine those features into more complex ones

25
damages to V1?
blindsight patient cannot consciously report objects presented in this region of space (cortical blindness)
26
visual processing beyond V1
info sent one step to next (hierarchal) to recognise the range of evidence for distinct visual processing modules
27
visual processing beyond V1 functional specialisation theory
zeki, 1992, 1993 different parts of visual cortex specialised for different visual functions
28
visual processing stages V1+V2
early stage of visual perception eg, shapes
29
visual processing stages V3 + V3a
responsive to form (moving objects)
30
visual processing stages V4
colour
31
visual processing stages V5 / MT
visual motion
32
visual processing beyond V1 functional specialisation theory central assumption by zeki
colour, form and motion processed in anatomically separate parts of the visual cortex brain imaging (PET position emission tomography) study - in humans - V4 more active for coloured than greyscale images - V5 more active for moving than static dots
33
V4 - colour centre of the brain cortical achromatopisa
cant see colours due to V4 damage (macaque monkeys) (also V2 and V3 - despite working retina) can perceive things they know the colour of (implicit colour processing) link not perfect
34
V5 / MT - motion centre akinetopsia
damage = akintetopsia patient LM - bilateral damage to V5 - good at looking at stationary objects - good colour vision - motion perception grossly deficient
35
challenge for functional specialisation
the binding problem colour not separate to shape how are different features bound together?
36
the binding problem possible solution
coherent perception depends on synchronised neural activity between brain areas (attention needed)
37
beyond visual cortex parietal (dorsal) pathway
where pathway movement processing along top of brain
38
beyond visual cortex temporal (ventral)
what pathway colour and form processing along bottom of brain
39
vision for perception / vision for action
patient DF lesion to lateral occipital cortex (what pathway) trouble locating and identifying objects however pereption fine (has where) letter box task - cant match - can put through
40
object recognition a model
1) early visual processsing (V1, V2, V3, V4, V5/MT) 2) perceptual segregation - grouping of visual elements 3) structural descriptions - matchiing grouped visual description onto a representation of the object stored in the brain 4) attaching meaning to an object - based on prior knowledge
41
object recognition 2) perceptual segregation
seperatiing visual input into individual objects thought to occur before object recognition
42
Gestalt psychology fundamental priciple
law of Pragnaz perceieve whats in front of you as the simplest possible solution assumes a set of rule sthat operate early in visual processing
43
Gestalt law of perecptual organismation
1) law of prosmimity 2) law of similarity 3) law od good continuation 4) law of closure
44
figure - ground segregation
faces goblet illusion - on in front of the other assume figure > ground
45
Gestalt problems
segmentations processes not always bottom up - x in letters or shape - faster to fidn x if in letter because we know letterrs - so top-down influences most evidence descriptive relies heavily on introspection and evidence from 2D drawings
46
object recognition and the brain where?
happens in temporal (what) pathway
47
object recognition and the brain object recognition deficits AGNOSIA
impairment in object recognition different kinds of impairments depending on where in pathways
48
object recognition and the brain object recognition deficits APPERCEPTIVE AGNOSIA
impairment in process which constructs a perceptual representation seeingn parts on whole lateral occipital lobe damage (the side) paient HSA (1987) --> bilateral ventral medial occipital damage - can recognise from touch seeing paintbrush seperately cannot group objects
49
object recognition and the brain object recognition deficits ASSOCIATIVE AGNOSIA
impairment in teh process which maps a visual representation onto knowledge of the objects function seeing the whole thing but not knowing its meaning occipio-temporal damage (where occipital and temporal lobe meet) Patient LH: can copy drawings but cannot name them conisitant with a hierarchal multistage process
50
object recognition and the brain object recognition deficits APPEREPTIVE OR ASSOCIATIVE AGNOISA further along temporal pathway?
associative agnoia is further along
51
cultural differenes and biases in psychological research data
most from white western researchers and participants cukture plays a significant role - westerners prioritise processing / categorising objects - east asians proitise relationships between objects sso cant assume psychological "truths" apply to all humanity
52
the problem with faces
is a within category discrimination (look similar) other objects recognition is between categories different type of processing altogether?
53
are faces special? neuropsychological evidence
propsopagnosia impairment of face processing (late stage --> for V1 ect) de renzi (1986) patient cant recognise families faces but can by clothes and voice impairment at the stage of matching to stored info
54
are faces special? neuroscience evidence
fusiform face area -> underside of temporal love part of ventral stream responds to faces more than other objects (in functional imaging)
55
why are faces special
just more difficult? holistic / contijural processing ? visual expertise ? domain specificty
56
why are faces special holistic processing
relationship between features features of faces are processed less than other types of objects (eg homes) upsidedown objects - face recognition distruped by inversion sighted people tend to recognise upsidedown faces slower typrically interpreted as evidecne for holistic processing
57
why are faces special visual expertise
have become experts because within category discriminations - greeble discrimination (1999+2000) - can learn a good level of Greeble distinction - make use of fusiform face area so perhaps fusiform face area for complex visual processing (not just faces)
58
why are faces special visual expertise critisms
not all prosopagnosic patients are impaired at within category discrimination WJ: flock of sheep RM: miniture cars so not just fusiform face area needed for this

Cognitive psyc (23 decks)

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