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Week 3 NSAID Flashcards

1
Q

Define pain.

A

Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience linked to actual or potential tissue damage, existing when reported by the patient.

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2
Q

What are analgesics?

A

Analgesics are medications that relieve pain, classified as opioid or non-opioid.

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3
Q

Explain the Three-Step Analgesic Ladder.

A

Step 1: Nonopioids with or without adjuvants; Step 2: Opioids with or without non-opioids if pain persists; Step 3: Opioids for moderate to severe pain.

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4
Q

What are adjuvant analgesics?

A

Adjuvant analgesics enhance analgesic effects or manage pain in specific situations.

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5
Q

Do analgesics include opioids?

A

Yes, analgesics include both opioid and non-opioid medications.

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6
Q

Why is patient feedback important?

A

Patient feedback is crucial as pain is subjective and exists based on the patient’s report.

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7
Q

What is the first step in analgesic treatment?

A

The first step is using nonopioids with or without adjuvants after assessing pain.

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8
Q

What happens if pain persists?

A

If pain persists, treatment progresses to Step 2 with opioids and/or non-opioids.

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9
Q

What is the final step in pain management?

A

Step 3 involves administering opioids for moderate to severe pain.

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10
Q

What are opioids?

A

Opioids are drugs derived from poppy seeds or synthetic derivatives used for pain relief.

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11
Q

How do opioids work?

A

Opioids act on opioid receptors in the central and peripheral nervous system.

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12
Q

What is the primary use of opioids?

A

Opioids are primarily used to relieve moderate to severe pain.

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13
Q

What are non-opioid medications used for?

A

Non-opioids are used for mild to moderate pain relief.

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14
Q

Give examples of non-opioid medications.

A

Examples include ibuprofen, acetaminophen, aspirin, and steroids.

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15
Q

What are the effects of acetaminophen?

A

Acetaminophen has analgesic and antipyretic effects.

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16
Q

Where can acetaminophen be obtained?

A

Acetaminophen is available OTC or in combination with opioids.

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17
Q

How does acetaminophen work?

A

It blocks pain impulses by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.

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18
Q

What are the indications for acetaminophen?

A

Indicated for mild to moderate pain and fever.

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19
Q

How does acetaminophen alleviate pain?

A

By inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis related to inflammation.

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20
Q

How does acetaminophen reduce fever?

A

It blocks the hypothalamus’s response to prostaglandins.

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21
Q

What is the maximum daily dose of acetaminophen?

A

The maximum is 4000 mg/day for healthy adults.

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22
Q

What is the recommended dose for older adults?

A

2000 mg/day for older adults or those with liver disease.

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23
Q

What is a risk of multiple acetaminophen medications?

A

Excessive doses may occur with different combination products.

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24
Q

What interactions should be avoided with acetaminophen?

A

Avoid alcohol and hepatotoxic drugs.

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25
What are contraindications for acetaminophen?
Contraindicated in drug allergy, liver dysfunction, or liver failure.
26
What are the consequences of acetaminophen overdose?
Can lead to hepatotoxicity and nephropathy.
27
How does acetylcysteine work for overdose?
It replenishes glutathione to process acetaminophen metabolites.
28
What are nursing implications for analgesics?
Include assessing vital signs, contraindications, and allergies.
29
Why is pain management important in nursing?
It includes pharmacological and nonpharmacological approaches for comfort.
30
How should pain be assessed?
Evaluate intensity, character, onset, location, and treatments using a scale.
31
Why is pain considered a vital sign?
Pain is the 'fifth vital sign' needing effective assessment and management.
32
What to do before starting analgesic therapy?
Perform a thorough assessment of medical history and medications.
33
When to administer analgesics?
Before pain becomes severe for effective control.
34
Describe inflammation.
Inflammation is a protective response to tissue injury, characterized by pain, fever, and swelling.
35
What compounds are involved in inflammation?
Includes histamine, serotonin, bradykinin, and prostaglandins.
36
What are NSAIDs?
NSAIDs are drugs with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.
37
How are NSAIDs used?
For mild to moderate pain relief in various conditions.
38
What are common NSAIDs?
Includes aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen.
39
How do NSAIDs provide analgesia?
By reducing pain through anti-inflammatory effects.
40
What is acetylsalicylic acid?
Aspirin, an NSAID with analgesic and antipyretic effects.
41
What conditions can NSAIDs treat?
Headaches, muscle pain, joint pain, and arthritis.
42
How do NSAIDs reduce inflammation?
By inhibiting enzymes that produce inflammatory mediators.
43
What are NSAID adverse effects?
Includes GI bleeding, kidney injury, and skin reactions.
44
How do NSAIDs affect kidneys?
They can disrupt blood flow and filtration, leading to injury.
45
What conditions increase bleeding risk with NSAIDs?
Includes drug allergy, rhinitis, and peptic ulcer disease.
46
What is the role of ASA in treatment?
Aspirin inhibits platelet aggregation, useful in MI treatment.
47
Who benefits from aspirin therapy?
Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus may benefit.
48
How does dehydration affect kidney function with NSAIDs?
Increases risk of kidney toxicity due to compromised function.
49
What are the risks of NSAIDs in heart failure?
Can compromise kidney function and increase toxicity risk.
50
What skin effects are associated with NSAIDs?
Includes skin eruptions and sensitivity reactions.
51
How do NSAIDs affect liver dysfunction?
Can compromise kidney function, increasing toxicity risk.
52
What is the impact of NSAIDs on hemostasis?
Can alter hemostasis, increasing bleeding risk.
53
What is aspirin's role in MI?
Reduces cardiac death risk and should be given early.
54
How does aspirin affect platelets?
Reduces thromboxane A2 formation, inhibiting aggregation.
55
What is Reye's Syndrome?
A life-threatening condition triggered by viral illnesses and aspirin in children.
56
What are aspirin's mechanisms of action?
Inhibits leukotriene and prostaglandin pathways, blocking COX activity.
57
What are common uses of ibuprofen?
Used for rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and dental pain.
58
What are ibuprofen side effects?
Includes dyspepsia, GI bleeding, and acute kidney injury.
59
How does aspirin differ from other NSAIDs?
Aspirin uniquely reduces thromboxane A2, affecting platelets.
60
What serious interactions should be considered with ibuprofen?
Interactions with alcohol, anticoagulants, and other medications.
61
Why is aspirin important in MI?
Reduces cardiac death risk and improves outcomes.
62
What are renal side effects of ibuprofen?
Includes reductions in creatinine clearance and acute tubular necrosis.
63
What is the risk of salicylates in children?
Risk of Reye’s syndrome; should not be given to children.
64
How can NSAIDs be better tolerated?
Taking with food can reduce gastrointestinal irritation.
65
What is the timeline for NSAID effects?
Therapeutic effects may take 1 week or more.
66
What should patients know about NSAIDs?
Educate on adverse effects and when to notify prescribers.
67
What signs to monitor with NSAIDs?
Watch for unusual bleeding, especially in stool.
68
What to remember about enteric-coated tablets?
Do not crush or chew enteric-coated tablets.
69
How to monitor NSAID effects?
Monitor based on condition, such as pain and swelling reduction.
70
What types of dermatological drugs exist?
Includes antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and more.
71
What are topical antimicrobial drugs?
Includes antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral drugs.
72
What are common topical antibacterial drugs?
Includes Polysporin, bacitracin, and mupirocin.
73
What does mupirocin treat?
Commonly used for impetigo.
74
What is a concern with mupirocin?
Resistance is increasing due to MRSA infections.
75
What causes fungal infections?
Commonly caused by Candida albicans and dermatophytes.
76
How long can fungal therapy last?
May last several weeks to up to 1 year.
77
What is nystatin used for?
Used to treat oral thrush and candidiasis.
78
What are clotrimazole formulations?
Available in topical forms for various fungal infections.
79
How is miconazole applied?
Applied topically for athlete's foot and yeast infections.
80
What are topical anaesthetics used for?
To reduce pain or itching from various skin conditions.
81
What are examples of topical anaesthetics?
Includes EMLA®, Betacaine®, and Lidodan®.
82
What is the role of antihistamines?
Used in topical antipruritic drugs to relieve itching.
83
What are corticosteroids used for?
Have anti-inflammatory and antipruritic effects.
84
What are skin preparation drugs?
Includes isopropyl alcohol, povidone-iodine, and chlorhexidine.
85
What nursing implications exist for anti-infective medications?
Assess for allergies and ensure culture tests are done.
86
How to prepare the affected area for medication?
Cleanse thoroughly to remove debris before applying treatment.
87
What to consider for systemic absorption of topical medications?
Higher absorption in very young and old patients due to skin permeability.
88
What to follow when administering topical medications?
Follow manufacturer's guidelines for administration techniques.

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