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Osteology & Arthrology > Week 4 > Flashcards

Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

joint between C1 (atlas) and occiput

A

atlanto-occipital joint

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2
Q

joint between C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis)

A

atlanto-axial

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3
Q

what is the continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament

A

tectoral membrane

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4
Q

where does the PLL become the tectoral membrane

A

C2 level

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5
Q

what does the alar ligament anchor

A

lateral dens to lateral margin of foramen magnum

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6
Q

what movement does the alar ligament restrict

A

contralateral rotation

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7
Q

what makes up the cruciate ligament

A

superior longitudinal band, transverse ligament of atlas, inferior longitudinal band

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8
Q

where does the superior longitudinal band of the cruciate ligament attach

A

transverse ligament of atlas to occipital

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9
Q

where does the transverse ligament of atlas attach

A

between the tubercles on medial aspects of lateral masses of atlas

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10
Q

what does the transverse ligament of atlas of the cruciate ligament do

A

holds the odontoid process in place

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11
Q

where does the inferior longitudinal band attach

A

transverse ligament of atlas to C2 body

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12
Q

what is the purpose for the inferior longitudinal band of the cruciate ligament

A

anchor the transverse ligament of atlas

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13
Q

what is posterior to the cruciate ligament

A

the apical ligament and alar ligaments

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14
Q

where does the apical ligament attach

A

dens to occiput

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15
Q

what are the ligaments that connect the lamina of adjacent vertebrae called

A

ligamentum flava

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16
Q

what level does the ligamentum flava start at

A

C2-C3 all the way to the sacrum

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17
Q

where does the nuchal ligament start and end at

A

at the external occipital protuberance and ends at C7 on the spinous process

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18
Q

what does the nuchal ligament transition into at the C7 level

A

surpaspinous ligament

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19
Q

where does the supraspinous ligament end

A

S1

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20
Q

what is another name for C7

A

vertebral prominence

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21
Q

what does the ligamentum flava become when it stops at the C2-C3 level

A

atlanto-axial membrane

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22
Q

what ligament connects the spinous process of adjacent vertebrae

A

interspinous ligament

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23
Q

what ligament runs along the posterior aspect of the spinous processes

A

supraspinous ligament

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24
Q

what ligament is on the posterior aspect of the vertebral body

A

posterior longitudinal ligament

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25
what ligament is on the anterior aspect of the vertebral body
anterior longitudinal ligament
26
what two ligaments are on the anterior border of the central canal
PLL and ALL
27
what ligament is on the posterior aspect of the central canal
ligamentum flava
28
tectoral membrane
continuation of PLL at C2 that covers the atlanto-axial joints and ligaments
29
where are the inter-transverse ligaments located
between the transverse processes of adjacent vertebrae
30
where are the costotransverse ligaments located
attach ribs to sternum
31
what are zygapophyseal joints also called
facet joints, Z joint
32
what type of joints are zygapophyseal joints
gliding joints
33
what are the only synovial joints in the spine
zygapophyseal joints
34
where are zygapophyseal joints found
between the superior and inferior articulating facets of adjacent vertebrae
35
what receptors are in the zygapophyseal joints
proprioceptors and nociceptors (pain receptors)
36
what part of the joint capsule in zygapophyseal joints contains the nociceptors and proprioceptors
the fibrous part of the joint capsul
37
what nerve innervates the zygopophyseal joint
dorsal primary rami
38
what other structures are innervated by the dorsal primary rami
the deep muscles of the back and the skin of the back
39
what controls movement in the joints
the angles of the articulating facets
40
what is osteoarthritis
uneven loss of joint space
41
what is the angle of articulation for the zygapophyseal joint in the cervical vertebrae
45 degrees
42
what is the angle of articulation for the zygapophyseal joint in the thoracic vertebrae
60 degrees
43
what is the angle of articulation for the zygapophyseal joint in the lumbar vertebrae
90 degrees
44
what movement does the posterior longitudinal ligament restrict
flexion (bending forward)
45
what movement does the intertransverse ligament restrict
lateral flexion to the opposite side (right side restricts left bending)
46
what movement does the anterior longitudinal ligament restrict
hyper extension (back bend)
47
what ligament is rotation primarily restricted by
interspinous ligament, intertransverse ligament, and ligamentum flavum
48
what is another name for synovial joints
diarthrotic joints
49
how does movement of the spine occur
gliding of the zygapophyses joint and deformation of the cartilaginous symphesis in the intervertebral disc
50
intervertebral discs have what kind of joint
synchondrosis
51
what is the function of intervertebral disc
provide cushioning and flexibility between vertebrae
52
what level of innervation is found in the intervertebral discs
highly innervated
53
what makes up the intervertebral disc
outer layer- annulus fibrosus inner layer- nucleus pulposus
54
what part of the intervertebral disc becomes fibrous as we age
the nucleus pulposus
55
what layer of the intervertebral disc is highly innervated
the annulus fibrosus
56
name the sequence of damage to the intervertebral disc
disc degeneration, prolapse, extrusion, sequestration
57
what happens during prolapse of damage to the IVD
slight tearing of the annulus fibrosus but outermost layer is still intact
57
describe the first step of herniation
disc degeneration, some tearing in the inner layers of the annulus fibrosus
58
what happens during extrusion of damage to the IVD
complete tearing of the annulus fibrosus outermost layer
59
what happens during sequestration during damage to the IVD
pieces of the disc are sloughing off, fragmenting
60
what can a prolapsed disc cause
compression of the nerve root
61
what are the two joints of the sternum
manubriosternal and xyphisternal
62
during respiration what motions take place at the sternal angle
flexion and extension
63
where is the sternal angle located
at the manubriosternal joint, around T4-T5
64
what type of joint is the manubriosternal joint
symphysis
65
what type of joint is the xyphisternal joint
synchondrosis
66
do the ribs articulate directly with the sternum
no
67
how do the ribs articulate with the sternum
costal cartilage
68
what two ribs do not articulate with the sternum
11 and 12
69
two points of costal cartilage
sternocostal and costochondral
70
what two structures does the sternocostal joint connect
the costal cartilage to the sternum
71
what two structures does the costochondral joint connect
synchondrosis connects the sternal end of the rib to the costal cartilage
72
what is the radiate sternocostal ligament
fibers of the sternocostal joint capsule that radiate from the costal cartilages to the anterior surface of the sternum
73
what is the function of the radiate sternocostal ligament
extra support and anchoring of the ribs to sternum
74
where are interchondral joints found
ribs 6-10
75
where is the interchondral joint located
between the adjacent ribs. so between 6 and 7, 7 and 8, 8 and 9
76
what structures are located on the anterior border of the sternum
radiate sternocostal ligaments, costochondral cartilage, and interchondral joints
77
what are costovertebral joints
unite the head of the rib with either the full or demi facet of the adjacent vertebrae
78
where are costovertebral joints found with relation to the vertebrae
on the lateral side of the vertebral body
79
what is unique about ribs 1 and 9-12
they articulate with one vertebral body
80
how are ribs 2-8 numbered
according to the superior demi facet of the vertebra it articulates with
81
what is the structure on the vertebrae above a rib that it articulate with
the inferior demi facet
82
radiate and intra-articular fibers are found on which ribs
all of them
83
what vertebra have a full facet that articulate with the ribs
T1, T11 and T12
84
what are costrotransverse joints
connects the tubercle of the rib with the articulating surface of the vertebral transverse process
85
how many ligaments make up the costotransverse joint
three
86
what are the three ligaments that make up the costotransverse joint
super costrotransverse, lateral costrotransverse, and costotransverse
87
location of the superior costotransverse ligament
connects rib to the transverse process above it
88
location of the lateral costotransverse ligament
connects rib to the end of the transverse process at the same level at the articular process on the TP -rib to TP on same level
89
location of the costotranverse ligament
connnects rib to the articular pillar at the same level
90
when the thorax is in extension which direction do the ribs go
up
91
when the thorax is in flexion which direction do the ribs go
down

Osteology & Arthrology (5 decks)

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