Week 4 - Brain, Spinal Cord & Cranial Nerves

Question 1

What is the difference between white and grey matter ?

Answer 1

White matter is more myelinated.

Question 2

In the brain, where is white and grey matter positioned in relation to one another ?

Answer 2

White more interior than grey.

Question 3

What are gyri ?

Answer 3

Elevations in brain surface.

Question 4

What are sulci ?

Answer 4

Infoldings in brain surface.

Question 5

What are fissures ?

Answer 5

Clefts in brain surface.

Question 6

What is the function of corpus callosum and what cells is it formed by ?

Answer 6

Links two cerebral hemispheres.
Formed by myelinated axons, so white matter.
Cross horizontally to allow for communication between hemispheres (horizontal pathway) - forms corona radiata.

Question 7

What separates the left and right cerebral hemispheres ?

Answer 7

Longitudinal sulci.

Question 8

What are folia ?

Answer 8

Ridges in cerebrum.

Question 9

What is the function of the cerebrum ?

Answer 9

Balance.

Question 10

What is the distinct difference between the cerebellum and cerebrum’s control ?

Answer 10

Cerebellum - contralateral.
Cerebrum - ipsilateral.

Question 11

What are the three divisions of the brainstem ?

Answer 11

Midbrain, pons, medulla.

Question 12

What cranial nerves are associated with the midbrain ?

Answer 12

Occulomotor CNIII and trochlear CNIV.

Question 13

What cranial nerves are associated with the pons ?

Answer 13

Trigeminal CNV.

Question 14

What cranial nerves are associated with the medulla ?

Answer 14

Glossopharyngeal CNXI, vagus CNX, hypoglossal CNXII.

Question 15

What is the pontomedullary junction ?

Answer 15

Junction between pons and medulla.

Question 16

What cranial nerves are associated with the pontomedullary junction ?

Answer 16

Abducens CNVI, facial CNVII, vestibulocochlear CNVIII.

Question 17

What is diencephalon composed of and what does it form ?

Answer 17

Epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus.
Central core of the brain.

Question 18

Is the corpus callous formed by white or grey matter ?

Answer 18

White matter - myelinated axons.

Question 19

What exits the skull via the supra-orbital foramen ?

Answer 19

Supra-orbit nerve and vessels.

Question 20

What exits the skull via the infra-orbital foramen ?

Answer 20

Infra-orbital nerve and vessels.

Question 21

What exits the skull via the mental foramen ?

Answer 21

Mental nerve and vessels.

Question 22

What exits the skull via the foramina of the cribriform plate ?

Answer 22

Olfactory nerve (CNI).

Question 23

What exits the skull via the optic canal ?

Answer 23

Optic nerve (CNII) and ophthalmic artery.

Question 24

What 4 cranial nerves and blood vessels exit the skull via the superior orbital fissure ?

Answer 24

Oculomotor nerve (CNIII), trochlear nerve (CNIV), ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve (CNV1), abducens nerve (CNVI) and superior ophthalmic vein.

Question 25

What cranial nerves exit the skull via the internal acoustic meatus ?

Answer 25

Facial nerve (CNVII) and vestibulocochlear nerve (CNVIII).

Question 26

What is the exit point in the skull for the hypoglossal nerve (CNXII) ?

Answer 26

Hypoglossal canal.

Question 27

What foramen does the maxillary division of trigeminal nerve exit the skull from ?

Answer 27

Foramen rotundum.

Question 28

What foramen does the mandibular division of trigeminal nerve exit the skull from ?

Answer 28

Foramen ovale.

Question 29

What foramen does the ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve exit the skull from ?

Answer 29

Superior orbital fissure.

Question 30

What blood vessel passes through foramen spinosum ?

Answer 30

Middle meningeal artery.

Question 31

What nerves and blood vessels pass through the jugular foramen ?

Answer 31

Internal jugular vein. Glossopharyngeal nerve (CNIX). Vagus nerve (CNX). Spinal accessory nerve (CNXI).

Question 32

What nerves and blood vessels pass through foramen magnum ?

Answer 32

Spinal cord. Vertebral arteries. Roots of spinal accessory nerve, travelling superiorly from spinal cord to jugular foramen.

Question 33

Facial nerve passes through what two foramina ?

Answer 33

Internal acoustic meatus and stylomastoid foramen.

Question 34

Name the foramina.

Answer 34

Question 35

Name the foramina (left arrows).

Answer 35

Question 36

Name the foramina (right arrows).

Answer 36

Question 37

What cranial nerves have sensory function ?

Answer 37

Olfactory (CNI). Optic (CNII). Trigeminal (CNV). Facial (CNVII). Vestibulocochlear (CNVIII). Glossopharyngeal (CNIX). Vagus (CNX).

Question 38

What cranial nerves have motor function ?

Answer 38

Oculomotor (CNIII). Trochlear (CNIV). Trigeminal (CNV). Abducens (CNVI). Facial (CNVII). Glossopharyngeal (CNIX). Vagus (CNX). Accessory (CNXI). Hypoglossal (CNXII).

Question 39

What cranial nerves have special sensory function ?

Answer 39

Olfactory (CNI). Optic (CNII). Facial (CNVII). Vestibulocochlear (CNVIII). Glossopharyngeal (CNIX). Vagus (CNX).

Question 40

What is the central connection for the 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve ?

Answer 40

Pons.

Question 41

Where is the trigeminal ganglion located ?

Answer 41

Meckel's cave.

Question 42

What is the central connection for the olfactory nerve (CNI) ?

Answer 42

Olfactory bulb.

Question 43

What is the central connection for the optic nerve (CNII) ?

Answer 43

Thalamus.

Question 44

What 2 cranial nerves' central connection is the midbrain ?

Answer 44

Oculomotor (CNIII) and trochlear (CNIV).

Question 45

What 3 cranial nerves' central connection is the pontomedullary junction ?

Answer 45

Abducens (CNVI), facial (CNVII) and vestibulocochlear (CNVIII).

Question 46

What 4 cranial nerves' central connection is the medulla oblongata ?

Answer 46

Glossopharyngeal (CNIX), vagus (CNX), accessory (CNXI), hypoglossal (CNXII).

Question 47

What are the two main sources of arterial supply to the brain ?

Answer 47

Vertebral arteries and internal carotid artery.

Question 48

What are the two main sources of arterial supply to the brain ?

Answer 48

Vertebral arteries and internal carotid artery.

Question 49

What artery supplies the anterior aspect of the brain ?

Answer 49

ICA.

Question 50

What arteries supply the posterior aspect of the brain ?

Answer 50

Vertebral.

Question 51

What is the vertebral artery a branch of ?

Answer 51

Subclavian, second branch of the aortic arch.

Question 52

What route does the vertebral artery take ?

Answer 52

Travel through vertebral foramen of the 1st 6 vertebrae and then through the foramen magnum into the base of the brain.

Question 53

What is the main blood supply to the meninges ? And the main branches ?

Answer 53

ECA. Occipital, ascending pharyngeal and middle meningeal.

Question 54

Contralateral hemiparesis. Hemisensory loss involving mainly leg and foot. Inability to identify objects correctly. Personality changes. Stroke has likely affected what artery ?

Answer 54

Anterior cerebral - distal to anterior communicating artery. Affecting frontal and parietal lobes.

Question 55

Contralateral hemiparesis. Hemisensory loss involving mainly face and arm. Aphasia. Contralateral hemianopia. Stroke has likely affected what artery ?

Answer 55

Middle cerebral. Pre and post-central gyri affected.

Question 56

Contralateral hemianopia with degree of macular sparing. Visual agnosia. Impairment of memory. Stroke has likely affected what artery ?

Answer 56

Posterior cerebral artery. Ischemia of occipital lobe. Damage to medial aspect of temporal lobe.

Question 57

Where do ALL venous sinuses drain into ? And what foramen does this exit the skull ?

Answer 57

IJV via jugular foramen.

Question 58

What are dural venous sinuses ?

Answer 58

Spaces between periosteal and meningeal layers of dura, for drainage of blood and resorption of CSF from the brain.

Question 59

What are arachnoid granulations ?

Answer 59

Balloons of arachnoid which extend into venous sinuses and are responsible for resorption of CSF.

Question 60

Where is CSF made ?

Answer 60

Choroidal epithelial cells of choroid ventricles. Modified ependymal cells.

Question 61

What is the name for the invagination of dura matter into longitudinal fissure between left and right hemispheres ?

Answer 61

Falx cerebri.

Question 62

What 4 cranial nerves are associated with the cavernous sinus ?

Answer 62

Oculomotor. Trochlear. Abducens. Trigeminal (CNV1 and CNV2).

Question 63

What is clinically significant about the cavernous sinus with respect to dentistry ?

Answer 63

Slow blood flow so infection and thrombosis risk - can be from maxillary dental infection. Swollen eye and fever - common symptoms.

Question 64

What is the most common cause of extra-dural haematoma ? And how will symptoms present ?

Answer 64

Trauma. Quickly unconscious as arterial damage - higher blood flow.

Question 65

What is the most common cause of subdural haematoma ? And how will symptoms present ?

Answer 65

Elderly. Slower symptoms as venous damage - slower blood flow.

Question 66

What is the most common cause of subarachnoid haematoma ?

Answer 66

Aneurysm.

Question 67

What is the function of the hypothalamus ?

Answer 67

Controls blood glucose, body temperature, controls release of hormones from pituitary, growth, sleep-wake cycle.

Question 68

What is the pituitary stalk (or infundibulum) ?

Answer 68

Connection between pituitary gland and hypothalamus.

Question 69

Where is the pituitary gland located ?

Answer 69

In middle cranial fossa at sella turcica.

Question 70

What is diaphragma sellae ?

Answer 70

Dura mater covering pituitary gland leaving opening for hypothalamus connection.

Question 71

What are examples of hormones released from pituitary gland ?

Answer 71

GH, TSH, FSH.

Question 72

What are the 3 cortexes of the frontal lobe ?

Answer 72

Pre-frontal. Pre-motor. Primary motor.

Question 73

What is the function of the pre-frontal cortex ?

Answer 73

Problem solving, complex planning, decision making, personality.

Question 74

What is the function of the pre-motor cortex ?

Answer 74

Supplementary to primary motor cortex for planning, control and execution of voluntary movement.

Question 75

Broca's area is associated with which part of the brain ?

Answer 75

Left hemisphere of frontal lobe.

Question 76

What is Broca's area responsible for ?

Answer 76

Production of speech.

Question 77

What are the two cortexes associated with the parietal lobe ?

Answer 77

Primary somatosensory cortex. Posterior parietal cortex.

Question 78

How is the primary somatosensory cortex position in relation to the central gyrus ?

Answer 78

Behind.

Question 79

How is the primary motor cortex position in relation to central gyrus ?

Answer 79

In front.

Question 80

What is the function of the primary somatosensory cortex ?

Answer 80

Tactile sensation.

Question 81

What is the function of the posterior parietal cortex ?

Answer 81

Integration of sensory information, spatial perception and attention, cognitive function.

Question 82

What image represents "specific areas of body are mapped to specific areas of the cortex" linked to somatosensory and motor cortex ?

Answer 82

Sensory homunculous.

Question 83

What lobe is responsible for visual processing ?

Answer 83

Primary visual cortex in occipital lobe.

Question 84

What is the function of the temporal lobe of the brain ?

Answer 84

Processing sensory information, long term memory, visual perception and recognition, processing olfactory stimulus.

Question 85

What is Wenicke's area responsible for ?

Answer 85

Language comprehension.

Question 86

The cerebral aqueduct connects what two ventricles ?

Answer 86

Mid-line 3rd and 4th.

Question 87

The inter ventricular foramen joins what ventricles ?

Answer 87

Lateral and 3rd midline.

Question 88

Where is the brainstem located ?

Answer 88

Posterior cranial fossa.

Question 89

The cervical enlargement between C4-T1 contributes to ?

Answer 89

Brachial plexus.

Question 90

Grey matter is deep to white matter where ?

Answer 90

Spinal cord.

Question 91

White matter is deep to grey matter where ?

Answer 91

Brain.

Question 92

Dorsal horns relay what kind of nerve fibres/rootlets ?

Answer 92

Afferent sensory so info from PNS to CNS.

Question 93

Ventral horns relay what kind of nerve fibres/rootlets ?

Answer 93

Efferent motor so info from CNS to PNS.

Question 94

Dorsal and ventral roots converge to form ?

Answer 94

Mixed motor and sensory spinal nerve.

Question 95

Dorsal and ventral roots divide into rami after exiting ?

Answer 95

Intervertebral foramen of vertebral column.

Question 96

How many pairs of spinal nerves emerge from spinal cord ?

Answer 96

31

Question 97

C1 spinal nerve emerges between what two bones ?

Answer 97

Occipital bone and C1.

Question 98

What are the 3 meningeal layers of the spinal cord ?

Answer 98

Dura - outermost. Arachnoid - middle. Pia - innermost.

Question 99

Where is CSF fluid located in spinal cord ?

Answer 99

Subarachnoid space.