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COGNITIVE PSYCH > WEEK 4 - DECISION MAKING > Flashcards

WEEK 4 - DECISION MAKING Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

kahnemans dual system approach

A

system 1 (irrational)

system 2 (rational)

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2
Q

system 1

A

quick
intuitive
heuristics

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3
Q

system 2

A

deliberate
slow
algorithmic

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4
Q

HUMO ECONOMICUS

A

the rational humans

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5
Q

dictator game

A

player given money and will give away even when person is taken away

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6
Q

ultimatum game

A

player given money

player can propose an offer to player B (accept or reject)

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7
Q

Irrational (intuitive) decision making

A

system 1

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8
Q

what is intuition

A

first impressions based on that you make a decision

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9
Q

what is intuition factors

A

feelings
heart
energy
soul

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10
Q

intuition vs rationality

A

psycholoists and pyschiatrists often make decisions based on clinical judgment (expert judgment)

clinicians use their intuition (combine education and impression)

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11
Q

paul meehl (1920-203) studies on

A

focused on clinical and school pyshcologists, psychiatrits, other physicians

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12
Q

clinical vs statisical prediction

A

a theoretical analysis and a review of the evidence

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13
Q

predicting academic results of first year students

A

experienced study advisors v simple tule

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14
Q

prediction by simple rule (mule investigated)

A

percentile score on SAT + perforomance on admission test

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15
Q

clinical judgment vs simple rule

A

clinical judgement was NO BETTER than a simple rule, even if the clinician has access to MUCH more info

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16
Q

statistical superiority effect

A

simple statistical prediction outperforms expert predicition

strong and stable across domains

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17
Q

evidence based practice

A

ability to verbalize how you reached certain conclusions to prevent making decisions from gut feeling

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18
Q

robust beauty pf improper linear models in decision making (dawes, 1979)

A

relationship counslers

marital stability = frequency of sex - frequency of fights (improper linear model)

simple rule provides a better prediction of relationship quality than the clinical judgement of experienced marriage councillors, even when have access to same info

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19
Q

rules and algorithms are..

A

mechanical
arbitrary
superficial
academic

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20
Q

clinical method is…

A

dynamic
meaningful
sympathetic
understanding

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21
Q

insenstivity to prior probablities

the case of linda

A

thirty one, very bright

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22
Q

what do humans have trouble reasoning

A

probability

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23
Q

normative and descriptive theories

A

normative: how we should behave
descirptive: how do behave

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24
Q

expected value (e)

A

value x probability

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25
loss aversion
describes how people tend to prefer avoiding losses rather than acquiring equivalent gains. In simple terms: losing $100 feels worse than gaining $100 feels good.
26
people prefer __ gains over __ gains people prefer ___ losses over ___ losses
sure, risky risky, sure
27
object recognition process
1. image projected on retina 2. Invariant representation of the object 3. classification of object
28
classification mechanisms
mental rep of a class is known as a concept
29
concepts are multimodal
semantic visual auditory tactile
30
Why do we categorize
An efficient way to store info and saves info story ie remember fruit is healthy so all fruit is healthy (category)
31
3 theories of categorization
1. Definition 2. prototypes 3. exemplars
32
instance
something that exists in real world
33
family resemnlance
similar items
34
prototypes
things that we have in our heads idealized representations (does not exist in real world) based on commonly encountered instances of a category
35
typicality
The resemblance of an instance to a prototype
36
how can typicality be demonstrated
using a sentence verification task - if statement is true or false ie, robin a bird dog a bird
37
expemplars
only work for small categories (ie, royal fam) Encountered instances of a category
38
representational hierarchies
experts categorize on a more specific level when presented instances within their domain of expertise ie, barcelona chair
39
levels 1. furniture 2. chair 3. Barcelona chair
1. global 2. basic 3. specific
40
distributed networks
Computation is massively parallel exons firsing same
41
early PDP work: mcclelland 1981
model of human memory proposed that memory and word recognition arise from patterns of activation across simple, interconnected units in a distributed neural network.
42
human memory
content addressable first explicity theory on data storage in the brain
43
content addressable
in order to retrieve info, I must activate related concepts
44
where is info stored
memory is not stored In neurons, but in the connections between them (synpases) the strength of them can be excitatory and inhibitory synpase connections
45
excitatory
pre increases firing rate post increases firing rate
46
inhibitory
pre increases firing rate post decreases firing rate
47
The "Jets and Sharks" study
used fictional gang names to show how people form category-based inferences, demonstrating how semantic similarity and group membership influence memory and learning in a simple connectionist network.
48
where does info flow in brain
in between neurons (nodes)
49
what do distrubuted networks allow us
- find properties of one particular member - identify a member by propertir - identify egenral characteristics of members of a gang, or members w a certain characteristic shows GENERALIZATION - visual demonstation
50
distrubuted netowrks (3)
1. biologically inspired 2. lesiontolerant 3. capable of genralization
51
biologically inspired
Connectionism is based on the structure of the human brain
52
lesion tolerant
Lesioned or damaged networks can still process information
53
capable of generalization
ANNS are capable of learning and are able to generalize rules to novel input
54
intelligence iq scores look at
reliability and validity reproducible results
55
reliability of iq tests
score must show consitency over several attempts
56
validity of iq tests
Does the test measure what it is intended to measure - academic and career success
57
g factor s factor
general intelligence - based on the innate ability to perceive relationships between diff stimuli specific ability
58
spearmen (1927) all subsets correlate to certain extent
genral intelligence (g) specific ability (s)
59
fluid intelligence
ability to percieve relationships - peaks around age 20-25 (decreases overtime)
60
crystallized intelligenge
abilities based on experience ie, word meanings - peak around age 55
61
catell (1943) two g factos
fluid and crystallized intelligence
62
significant correlations between iq and (2)
- simple reaction time - simple matching tasks
63
iq scores are correlated with ___
speed of neural processing

COGNITIVE PSYCH (4 decks)

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