Week 6: Cardiovascular Problems

Question 1

What is Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)?

Answer 1

arteries become clogged due to atherosclerosis

Question 2

What are the three main categories of problems with the heart?

Answer 2

1. Electrical (conduction)
2. Plumbing (artery blockage, spasm, valve issue)
3. Pump (heart muscle)

Question 3

Coronary artery disease is a ______ term

Answer 3

umbrella

Question 4

What is included under the CAD umbrella?

Answer 4

heart attack, heart failure, arrhythmias, and congenital heart disease

Question 5

What are the nonmodifiable risk factors for CAD?

Answer 5

age, family hx, gender, ethnicity, genetics

Question 6

What are the modifiable risk factors for CAD?

Answer 6

HTN, smoking, DM, obesity, diet, HLD, and depression/stress

Question 7

Etiology of ischemic heart problems

Answer 7

atherosclerosis develops in the arteries causing an artery blockage, the blockage causes decreased tissue perfusion causing the heart to work harder to pump the blood

Question 8

What is endothelial dysfunction?

Answer 8

vessels aren’t necessarily blocked but become narrowed when they are supposed to be dilated

Question 9

What causes endothelial dysfunction?

Answer 9

DM, HTN, HLD, smoking

Question 10

S/S of CAD

Answer 10

may be asymptomatic, AGINA,

Question 11

What is stable angina?

Answer 11

when the coronary blood is diminished but not blocked, the pain is brought on by exertion and relieved with rest

Question 12

What are atypical angina symptoms in women?

Answer 12

hot or burning, tenderness, NOT always in the chest, indigestion, heart burn, nausea, fatigue/weakness, lightheadedness, and dyspnea

Question 13

How would you describe the chest pain of a myocardial infarction (MI)?

Answer 13

-not brought on by exertion
-may radiate to other places (neck, jaw, abd, shoulder, arm)
-not relieved in 2-5 min
-other s/s

Question 14

How to treat stable angina?

Answer 14

EDUCATE (what MI pain feels like, decreasing activity and preventing further atherosclerosis)
Nitrates

Question 15

What is cardiomyopathy?

Answer 15

disease that affects the myocardium

Question 16

What causes cardiomyopathy?

Answer 16

usually idiopathic but can be because of…
-ischemia
-HTN
-inherited disorders
-infections
-toxins
-myocarditis
-autoimmune

Question 17

what can cardiomyopathy lead to?

Answer 17

heart failure

Question 18

What is the definition for heart failure?

Answer 18

a chronic progressive condition in which the heart muscle is unable to pump enough blood to meet the bodies needs

Question 19

What is increased with heart failure?

Answer 19

preload and afterload

Question 20

What is decreased with heart failure?

Answer 20

cardiac output, myocardial contractility

Question 21

What are the major causes of heart failure?

Answer 21

MI, chronic HTN, COPD, dysrhythmias, valve disorders, PE

Question 22

R/F for heart failure

Answer 22

HTN (greatest risk), DM, within 6 months of MI, African American, genetics, age obesity, smoking, sedentary lifestyle

Question 23

What diseases increase your risk for heart failure?

Answer 23

COPD, severe anemia, certain viruses, kidney conditions, and alcohol/drug abuse

Question 24

What part of the heart enlarges with left sided heart failure?

Answer 24

the left ventricle

Question 25

Where does the blood blackflow for left sided heart failure?

Answer 25

into pulmonary veins

Question 26

What happens to the lungs due to left sided failure?

Answer 26

they can become congested

Question 27

What s/s are associated with left sided heart failure?

Answer 27

cough, crackles, wheezes, frothy sputum (may be blood tinged), paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, and orthopnea

Question 28

What often causes right sided heart failure?

Answer 28

COPD with cor pulmonale

Question 29

Where can become congested with right sided heart failure?

Answer 29

right chambers, jugular veins, liver, and lower extremities

Question 30

Where does blood backflow with right sided heart failure?

Answer 30

vena cava

Question 31

Where does blood flow decrease with right sided heart failure?

Answer 31

the lungs

Question 32

What s/s are associated with right sided heart failure?

Answer 32

JVD, dependent edema, weight gain, and hepatosplenomegaly (enlarged spleen and liver)

Question 33

What determines if a patient has reduced ejection factor heart failure?

Answer 33

an EF < 40%

Question 34

What causes reduced ejection fraction?

Answer 34

impaired contractile function, increased afterload, cardiomyopathy and mechanical problems

Question 35

What part of the heart causes a reduced ejection fraction?

Answer 35

Left ventricle

Question 36

What does a failed left ventricle cause?

Answer 36

blood to backup causing fluid backup and accumulation

Question 37

What is preserved ejection fraction?

Answer 37

inability of the ventricles to relax and fill during diastole

Question 38

What is the primary cause of preserved ejection fraction?

Answer 38

HTN