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Exercise Physiology > Week 7 - Respiration during Exercise > Flashcards

Week 7 - Respiration during Exercise Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary purpose of the respiratory system?

A

to maintain arterial blood-gas homeostasis

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2
Q

How does the respiratory system maintain arterial blood-gas homeostasis? (4-step process)

A
  1. Pulmonary ventilation
  2. Alveolar gas exchange
  3. Gas transport
  4. Systemic gas exchange

Oxygen rich air breathed in from the atmosphere whilst CO2 rich air is expired (pulmonary ventilation).
Oxygen the moves into the blood from the alveoli (alveolar gas exchange).
Blood containing 02 is then transported around the body (gas transport) where oxygen moves into systemic cells, such as muscles (systemic gas exchange).

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3
Q

How can we separate the structural organization of the respiratory system?

A

The upper and the lower respiratory tract separated by the epiglottis.

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4
Q

What does the upper respiratory tract include?

A

Nose, nasal cavity and the pharynx

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5
Q

What does the lower respiratory tract include?

A

airways - larynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

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6
Q

How is the functional organization of the respiratory system divided?

A

Conduction zone and respiratory zone

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7
Q

What is the role of the Conduction zone?

A

conducts air in and out the lungs - includes nose to the terminal bronchioles

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8
Q

Where do we define the end of the conducting zone?

A

16th airway generation which is the terminal bronchioles

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9
Q

What is the difference between the conduction zone and the respiratory zone of the respiratory system functional organization?

A

The respiratory zone contains alveoli which is where gas exchange takes place.

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10
Q

What is the role of the respiratory zone?

A

its where the transport and diffusion of gases along the pulmonary (lung) capillary takes place with 02 moving into arterial blood and C02 moving out.

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11
Q

Match the key term to the description.

Key terms: parietal pleura, visceral pleura, pleural cavity.

a) outside of the pleural cavity
b) deepest layer which covers the lungs directly
c) area that contains small amounts of fluid which prevents friction when the lungs move and expand

A

a) visceral pleura
b) pleural cavity
c) parietal pleura

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12
Q

Intrapleural pressure < atmospheric pressure, what does this prevent?

A

the alveoli from collapsing

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13
Q

What are the lungs enclosed within?

A

membranes called pleura

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14
Q

How many airway generations are there?

A

23

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15
Q

Where does gas exchange occur?

A

in the respiratory zone (Z17-23)

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16
Q

In terms of airways, where does the conducting zone start and extend to?

A

starts at the main bronchi (Z1) and extends to the terminal bronchioles (Z16)

  • large conductors
  • resistance higher
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17
Q

How many alveoli does the human lung contain?

A

300-500 million - each 1/3mm in diameter

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18
Q

Where does pulmonary gas exchange take place across?

A

the pulmonary capillary

  • very thin and vast surface area which makes it ideal for gas exchange/diffusion
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19
Q

How does oxygen and carbon dioxide move between air (alveoli) and blood?

A

by simple diffusion (from high to low partial pressure)

  • Oxygen moves from alveoli to pulmonary artery
  • Carbon dioxide moves from venous blood to alveolus (to then expire).
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20
Q

Explain the two types of alveolar cell (pneumocytes).

A

Type 1 cells cover 95% of the internal surface of the alveolus and are critical for gas exchange.

Type II cells release surfactant - a molecule that lowers the surface tension (like soap) and prevents the alveoli collapsing.

21
Q

What is the volume of gas passing through a sheet dependent upon?

A
  1. Surface area (A)
  2. Thickness (T)
  3. Diffusion coefficient (D)
  4. Pressure gradient (alveolar to arterial)
22
Q

What is Fick’s law of diffusion?

A

Rate of diffusion is proportional to SA/thickness x diffusion coefficient x pressure gradient

23
Q

What are the 5 layers of the pulmonary capillary that gas has to diffuse across (from alveolus) in order to enter the erythrocyte?

A
  1. Surfactant
  2. Alveolar epithelium
  3. Interstitium
  4. Capillary endothelium
  5. Plasma
24
Q

What are the mechanisms of breathing concerned with?

A

the movement of air into and out of the lungs by changes in pressure (contraction force), flow (contraction velocity), and volume (contraction length)

25
Q

What happens during inspiration?

A

Volume of thoracic cavity increases as the respiratory muscles contract.

26
Q

What are the 3 dimensions that the thoracic cavity increases during inspiration?

A

1) Vertical changes: diaphragm contracts and flattens which increase vertical diameter of thoracic cavity

2) Lateral changes: bucket handle of the ribs –> ribs are elevated and thoracic cavity widens.

3) Anterior-posterior changes: pump handle motion –> inferior portion of sternum moves anteriorly and thoracic cavity expands

27
Q

At rest, what is diaphragm contraction responsible for?

A

the majority of pulmonary ventilation

28
Q

During exercise, what happens to pulmonary ventilation? What is the diaphragm assisted by?

A

It increases 10-20-fold above resting levels. It’s assisted by the external intercostal muscles, scalenes, sternocleidomastoid and other muscles to increase pulmonary ventilation.

29
Q

How does expiration differ at rest and during exercise?

A

At rest, expiration is passive. Whereas during exercise, expiration becomes active by contraction of the rectus abdominis, internal intercostal muscles and extreme oblique.

30
Q

How many respiratory muscles are there?

A

> 60

31
Q

What is a gold standard way of measuring diaphragm fatigue?

A

Bilaterial phrenic nerve stimulation - non-volitional measure

32
Q

Ohm’s law - applied to respiratory system

A

Airflow is dependent upon a pressure gradient and airway
resistance.
Flow = change in pressure/resistance

(Current = voltage/resistance, applied to breathing)

33
Q

Poiseuille’s law

A

o Resistance is dependent upon length and radius of a tube
o Radius is raised to the fourth power, thus the major
determinant of airway resistance

34
Q

How does mechanics of breathing differ during exercise for a person with asthma?

A
  • % of tidal volume that is flow limited is much greater at much lower intensities
  • they increase their end expiratory lung volume to prevent flow limitation
35
Q

What is dead space volume? What is the volume of dead space in healthy individuals?

A

The volume of air not participating in gas exchange (per breath) + 150ml and this doesn’t change during exercise.

36
Q

How would you work out dead space ventilation?

A

Dead space (0.15L/150ml) X breathing frequency

37
Q

Tidal volume

A

volume of air per breath

38
Q

Minute ventilation

A

volume of air breathed per minute (tidal volume x breathing frequency)

39
Q

Breathing frequency

A

number of breaths per minute

40
Q

Forced vital capacity (FVC)

A

the maximum volume air that can be forcefully expired after a maximum inspiration

41
Q

How can we diagnose pulmonary diseases such as COPD?

A

Spirometry can be used to diagnose COPD.

FEV1/FVC <0.7 is indicative of COPD and airway obstruction.

FEV1 - forced expiratory volume in one second
FVC - forced vital capacity

42
Q

What is COPD characterized by?

A
  • Increased airway resistance
  • Reduced FVC (forced vital capacity)
  • Higher residual volume
  • Increase end-expiratory lung volume (EELV) during exercise
  • Increased work of breathing
  • Breathing discomfort
43
Q

What is resistance mainly determined by?

A

airway diameter

44
Q

What is alveolar volume?

A

tidal volume - dead space volume

45
Q

What is alveolar ventilation?

A

(tidal volume - dead space volume) x breathing frequency

The amount of air breathed every minute that takes part in gaseous exchange.

46
Q

Is it more efficient to increase tidal volume or breathing frequency?

A

tidal volume - this is because we get dead space per breath so increasing breathing frequency increases dead space ventilation

47
Q

Total lung capacity

A

volume of air in the lungs upon maximum inspiration
(vital capacity plus residual volume)

48
Q

What volumes make up total lung capacity?

A

tidal volume
inspiratory reserve volume
expiratory reserve volume
residual volume

49
Q

Difference between volume and capacity?

A

Volume - one segment
Capacity - two or more segment

Exercise Physiology (33 decks)

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