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Phys > Week 8 > Flashcards

Week 8 Flashcards

1
Q

How do cerebral aneurysms present?

A

sudden severe headache

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2
Q

What are the risk factors for meningitis?

A

age
pregnancy
skipping vaccines
weakened immune system

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3
Q

What are the symptoms of meningitis? (4/5)

A

headache
fever
stiff neck (meningismus)
signs of cerebral dysfunction (confusion, delirium)

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4
Q

What is encephalitis caused by?

A

viral infection

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5
Q

What is meningitis caused by?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae and other bacteria

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6
Q

What is a symptom of acute hemorrhagic stroke?

A

sudden headache and pain

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7
Q

Stroke of one side of the cerebral hemisphere will affect which side?

A

contralateral side

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8
Q

What is a risk factor for hemorrhagic stroke?

A

Blood pressure that is high

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9
Q

Cerebral aneurysm can result in what kind of CVA?

A

subarachnoid hemorrhage

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10
Q

Acute hypertension is a risk factor for what kind of CVA?

A

hemorrhagic stroke

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11
Q

Parkinson disease is a deficiency of what chemical?

A

dopamine

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12
Q

What areas of the brain does Parkinson’s have a deficiency of dopamine?

A

Basal ganglia (substantia nigra_
Lewy bodies

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13
Q

Parkinson disease will give what hallmark S/S?

A

rest tremor of skeletal muscle

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14
Q

A hallmark symptom of Multiple myeloma is?

A

bone pain

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15
Q

Why do Multiple myeloma patients have bone pain?

A

MM has a tumor growing in the bone marrow

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16
Q

Migraine presents with what? (3)

A

pounding headache
nausea
photophobia

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17
Q

Characteristics of scoliosis(4)

A

Lateral curvature
increase in periods of rapid growth
uneven shoulders, scapular prominence
respiratory complications

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18
Q

What pervents fractures from forming?

A

Diabetes
smoking
poor diet

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19
Q

Paget’s disease is what followed by what?

A

excessive bone resorption followed by
excessive fragile bone formation

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20
Q

Where is the most common site for Paget’s disease

A

lower spine

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21
Q

What is Osteosarcoma ?

A

malignant bone forming tumor

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22
Q

Osteomalacia happen in adults from lack of what?

A

Vitamin D

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23
Q

Osteomalacia is called what in children?

A

rickets

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24
Q

What is a risk factor for osteoporosis for women?

A

early menopause

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25
Q

What is Malunion?

A

fracure bones that heals out

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26
Q

What are the types of fractures?

A

communimuted fractures
transverse
longitudinal
olibque
spiral
greenstick

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27
Q

Muscle strains are caused by what?

A

abnormal contractions

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28
Q

Phases of bone healing (cancellous) - (4)

A

Cancellous fracture healing occurs through development of an internal callus
Rich blood supply prevents bone necrosis
Osteogenic cells in the trabeculae form the primary woven bone
Woven bone eventually replaced by lamellar bone

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29
Q

Phases of bone healing (cortical)- (4)

A

Cortical bone fracture tears blood vessels w/in haversian system​
Clotting occurs at the fracture site​
living bone replaces avascular bone via resorption & bone deposition​
Callus formation makes new bone form at edges of periosteum​
Remodeling occurs with replacement of mature lamellar bone

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30
Q

What is the difference between osteoarthritis and rheumatoid athritis?

A

loss of articular cartilage for osteoarthritis, usually local and degeneative (common)
rheumatoid arthritis- malaise, fatigue, and diffue

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31
Q

What does SLE stand for?

A

Systemic Lupus

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32
Q

What is a hallmark of SLE?

A

butterflu rash

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33
Q

S/S of Ankylosing spondylitis are ? (4)

A

inflammation
stiffness
fusion of spinal joints

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34
Q

Gouty arthritis is an inadequate renal excretion of what?

A

uric acid

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35
Q

What causes gouty arthritis?

A

inadeguate renal excretion

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36
Q

What kind of inflammatory condition is rheumatoid arthritis?

A

systemic inflammatory condition

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37
Q

all characteristics of gout (4)

A

Disturbed uric acid metabolism
Crystalline deposits in bony and Connective tissue,
cardiac involvement,
Renal involvement

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38
Q

How is neuronal cell fate determined?

A

ATP depletion

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39
Q

What are two mechanisms of brain cell death?

A

anaerobic metabolism
deterioration of ion gradients

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40
Q

what are four types of herniation syndromes of the brain?

A

Subfalcine
Tentorial
Uncal
Tonsillar

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41
Q

What is Decorticate posturing?

A

abnormal flexion

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42
Q

What is decerebrate posturing?

A

abnormal extension

43
Q

What is the oculovestibular reflex?

A

rotating head, but eyes rotate counter to direction of head.

44
Q

what is the corneal reflex?

A

cotton touches cornea to make the eye blink

45
Q

what are the three types of primary injury of TBI

A

focal
polar
diffuse

46
Q

what are the three types of Intracranial hematomas

A

Epidural
Subdural
Subarachnoid

47
Q

How is a ischemic thrombus caused by?

A

atherosclerosis
coagulations

48
Q

What are ischemic emboli strokes caused by?

A

Cardiac dysfunction
dysrhythmias

49
Q

TIA treatments?

A

daily aspirin
carotid endarterectomy
angioplasty

50
Q

what is the functional tissue in the brain that is made up of the two types of brain cell, neurons and glial

A

brain parenchyma

51
Q

What are the two types of cells that make up the brain parenchyma?

A

glial and neuronal

52
Q

What are the two types of cells that make up the brain parenchyma?

A

glial and neuronal

53
Q

What is homonymous hemianopsia?

A

contralateral field blindness of usually have the field of vision

54
Q

When does homonymous hemianopsia appear?

A

motor and sensory deficits in strokes

55
Q

Congenital defects of the medial layer of the artery is found where?

A

circle of Willis

56
Q

What is another name for absences seizures?

A

grand mal

57
Q

What are five types of seizures?

A

absence
atypical
myoclonic
atonic
tonic- clonic

58
Q

Tonic-clonic is another word for what type of seizure?

A

grand mal

59
Q

What is a the term for a none and some changes in consciousness during a seizure?

A

simple- no change
complex- change

60
Q

what type of dementia is the most common?

A

alzheimers

61
Q

what are four problems of alzheimer’s

A

degeneration of neurons in temp and frontal lobes
brain atrophy
amyloid plaques
neurofibrillary tangles

62
Q

what is deficient in the brain with alzheimer’s

A

brain acetylcholine

63
Q

vascular dementia risk factors

A

stroke, hypertension, and diabetes

64
Q

What are some causes of spina bifida? (2)

A

environ factors like folate deficits
genetics

65
Q

What are some symptoms of cerebellar disorders?

A

gait-balance problems
ataxia
hypotonia
tremors

66
Q

What are three types of hydrocephalus?

A

normal pressure
obstructive
communicating

67
Q

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis aka

A

Lou Gehrig

68
Q

What does Guillain-Barré Syndrome affect?

A

demyelination of peripheral nervous system

69
Q

What cells are Guillain-Barré Syndrome mediated by?

A

T and B cell mediated

70
Q

What is Bell’s Palsy?

A

Idiopathic neuropathy of the facial nerve; paralysis of the muscles on one side of the face

71
Q

What are three results of spinal cord injury?

A

spinal shock
neurogenic shock
autonomic dysreflexia

72
Q

what is another name for a telescoping fracture?

A

impacted

73
Q

Brodie abscess is caused by what?

A

Acute, subacute or chronic hematogenous osteomyelitis infection

74
Q

What are early signs of Parkinson disease?

A

Minimal blinking
Loss of facial expression

75
Q

Which is a pathophysiologic change that is consistent with Alzheimer disease?

A

Amyloid plaques
Neurofibrillary tangle

76
Q

A motor vehicle accident has resulted in a fracture where the articular surfaces of the tibial surface and femoral condyles are no longer in contact with one another. Which term best describes this condition?

A

Dislocation

77
Q

Symptoms such as headache, lethargy, mood alterations, and epigastric sensations occur during which phase of a seizure?

A

Prodromal

78
Q

Symptoms such as headache, lethargy, mood alterations, and epigastric sensations occur during which phase of a seizure?

A

B cells

79
Q

A client is diagnosed with ankylosing spondylitis. Which assessment data support this diagnosis? (Select all that apply.)

A

Low back pain
18-year-old men

80
Q

Which forms of muscular dystrophy are X-linked?

A

Duchenne

81
Q

A 6-year-old boy presents with polyarthritis. His parents report no past medical history except for a sore throat 6 weeks previously. On physical examination, a murmur is noted. The assessment data support a diagnosis of

A

acute rheumatic fever

82
Q

intracranial

A

headache

83
Q

Which of the following is true about ischemic stroke? (Select all that apply.)

A

Has risk factors that include atherosclerosis

Can be a result of a hypercoagulable state

84
Q

Which is a risk factor for cerebral palsy?

A

Prenatal infection

85
Q

When viewed on x-ray, the bone has a linear fracture that occurs in a straight line across the bone. Which term best describes this type of fracture?

A

Transverse

86
Q

A 60-year-old client reports pain in the knees. The client denies any previous infection or pain in the spine. The assessment data support a diagnosis of

A

Osteoarthritis

87
Q

Lyme disease is caused by

A

Borrelia burgdorferi

88
Q

What is the most common site for Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the bone?

A

vertebral column

89
Q

A 10-year-old boy has a metastatic lesion in the metaphyseal region of the femur that is referred to as

A

osteosarcoma

90
Q

Which statement is true regarding systemic lupus erythematosus?

A

It is a chronic inflammatory disease.

91
Q

A client is diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus. Which assessment data support this diagnosis?

A

African American female
Contractures of the fingers
Facial butterfly rash noted
Swelling and pain in knees

92
Q

What is a common site for bone metastases to occur?

A

Vertebral bodies

93
Q

What are the criteria for diagnosing rheumatoid arthritis? (Select all that apply.)

A

Simultaneous symmetric swelling of joints
Soft-tissue swelling of at least three joints
Subcutaneous rheumatoid nodules
Morning stiffness in joints

94
Q

A patient exposed to herpes simplex virus has been exhibiting symptoms that suggest an inflammation of the brain. This type of infection is referred to as

A

Encephalitis

95
Q

A client is diagnosed with ankylosing spondylitis. Which assessment data support this diagnosis?

A

Low back pain
18-year-old men

96
Q

A client is diagnosed with ankylosing spondylitis. Which assessment data support this diagnosis?

A

Low back pain
18-year-old men

96
Q

A client is diagnosed with ankylosing spondylitis. Which assessment data support this diagnosis?

A

Low back pain
18-year-old men

97
Q

A 60-year-old client reports pain in the knees. The client denies any previous infection or pain in the spine. The assessment data support a diagnosis of

A

Osteoarthritis

98
Q

Gallstones are most common in who?

A

women more than men

99
Q

what is a common type of osteomelitis

A

Hematogenous osteomyelitis

100
Q

what is Hematogenous osteomyelitis?

A

bone infection that originates from another place such as S. aureus

101
Q

A patient has osteoarthritis. Which principle is important for the clinician to remember?

A

This is a progressive, noninflammatory disease of weight- bearing joints.

102
Q

Preventing hemorrhagic stroke

A

smoking and alcohol cessation

Phys (5 decks)

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