Week 8 Flashcards
(21 cards)
Solitary animals
Live alone, only interact randomly.
Mating pairs
Two animals that mate; can stay together for a short or long time.
Aggregates
Animals gather because of the environment (e.g., food, shelter).
Social groups
Animals live together and interact regularly.
Dominance hierarchies
Some animals are ranked higher than others in a group.
Eusocial colonies
Highly organized groups with specific roles (e.g., ants, bees).
Reciprocity
Helping others with the expectation of help in return.
Evolutionary Stable Strategies
A strategy that cannot be beaten once common in a population.
Wilhelm Wundt
One of psychology’s founders; studied perception to understand the mind.
also made structuralism
Structuralism and who made it
Breaking psychology into simple parts for scientific study.
william wundt
William James
Another founder of psychology
made functionalism
Functionalism
suggests that the mind’s primary purpose is to help humans adapt to their environment
Jakob von Uexküll made what
Umwelt
Umwelt
A species’ unique sensory and perceptual world.
Perception – Adaptive Function:
Psychologists/Philosophers’ view:
Perception provides knowledge about the world, making it understandable for rational thinking.
Perception – Adaptive Function:
Evolutionary perspective:
Perception guides action by helping us perceive aspects of the world that are most useful for survival and behavior.
Missing fundamental frequency –
We still perceive the pitch even if the lowest frequency is missing.
McGurk effect –
Hearing a sound changes based on what we see (e.g., lip movements affect perception).
Picket fence illusion –
When parts of a speech sound are blocked (e.g., by noise), our brain fills in the gaps.
Piaget’s theory
Object permanence (knowing objects exist even when unseen) develops through experience.
Baillargeon (1987) – Object Permanence
Challenged Piaget’s view that object permanence develops around 8 months.
Found that even 3-4 month-old infants showed surprise when objects seemed to disappear or pass through solid barriers.
Suggested that object permanence develops earlier than Piaget proposed, possibly innate rather than purely learned.
