Week five- Phosphate bond energy

Question 1

What is the energy release from macronutrients harnessed to synthesise?

Answer 1

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Question 2

What does ATP and money not have in common?

Answer 2

• ATP cannot be accumulated or transferred form cell to cell

- ‘Credit’ is not permitted, once the ‘currency is used, and no more can be generated, the cell dies

Question 3

How do cells stop the utilization of ATP during physical activity?

Answer 3

Fatigue in muscle

Question 4

What usually takes precedence over cell function?

Answer 4

Maintenance of the ATP/ADP concentration ratio in cells.

Question 5

What is the ratio of ATP and ADP?

Answer 5

50/1 in favour of ATP

Question 6

What is stored within ATP?

Answer 6

Potential energy

Question 7

What is the receiver-donor cycle?

Answer 7

– Extracts potential energy from food and Extracts potential energy from food and
conserves within ATP
– Extract and transfer from ATP to perform Extract and transfer from ATP to perform
biologic work
– ATP resynthesised via energy from food

Question 8

Give a feature of phosphate bonds

Answer 8

They trap a large portion of potential energy of food

Question 9

What is a feature of ATP?

Answer 9

Easily transfers energy to other compounds to fuel endergonic reaction or raise compounds to higher activation level.

Question 10

What is the reaction type when ATP is broken down?

Answer 10

Hydrolysis reaction

Question 11

What is ATP broken down to produce?

Answer 11

ADP and Pi

Question 12

What is the enzymes for ATP

Answer 12

Adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase)

Question 13

Why would a further phosphate group be cleaved from ATP?

Answer 13

To release more energy

Question 14

What catalyst is used to regenerate ATP from ADP?

Answer 14

Adenylate kinase

Question 15

Does ATP hydrolysis require oxygen to split?

Answer 15

No

Question 16

How long does it take ATP to produce energy?

Answer 16

ATP produces energy rapidly

Question 17

Where do we need a continuous supply of ATP?

Answer 17

• Nerve impulses transmitted from the brain
• Respiratory muscles, liver + kidney function
• Contraction of cardiac muscle

Question 18

How long does it take for all the stored ATP in the muscle to be used during intense exercise?

Answer 18

2 seconds

Question 19

How is ATP instantly replenished?

Answer 19

The high energy phosphate called phosphocreatine (PCr)

Question 20

What is the enzymes involved in the breakdown of phosphocreatine (PCr)?

Answer 20

Creatine kinase

Question 21

How long does it take for phosphocreatine (PCr) stores to be depleted?

Answer 21

8-12 seconds

Question 22

What is the function of phosphocreatine (PCr)?

Answer 22

Provides an energy buffer

Question 23

What is the stimulus for Creatine kinase activity?

Answer 23

Increase in ADP concentration (thus ATP hydrolysis)