Week Four Flashcards
(22 cards)
How Do Mind Traps Occur?
- Our mind intuitions are often…
- Our mind judges on…
- Our minds are built…
- Wrong
- Faulty Reference Points
- to get used to stuff. However, we often realize that our minds do not work this way
How much money will make you happy ? Depends on the reference point
- Earning more causes
- Job satisfaction goes down when
- We choose to earn less if
- Key findings suggest that the more you earn the less realistic your reference points become
- Job satisfaction goes down as a person’s comparative salary goes up
- We also choose to earn less if we earn relatively more than others
Do reference points hold in a new age methodology Vogel et al. 2014
- Upwards social comparison when
- Downward social comparison when
- Participants’ state self-esteem and relative self-evaluations lower when the target person’s profile
contained
- comparing oneself with superior others who have positive characteristics
- occurs when comparing oneself as inferior to others who have negative characteristics
- upward comparison information than when the target person’s profile contained downward comparison information
Hedonic Adaptation
- Define
Process of becoming accustomed to both positive and negative stuff such that the emotional effects you get from stuff acutely don’t last
Negativity Bias
- Research shows that we adapt.
- From an evolutionary perspective
- we actively appreciate
- more slowly to negative and positive things
- this was value in survival
- positive experiences
Impact Bias
- Define
- Research shows that greater previous experience of emotional events did not lead to
We tend to overestimate the emotional impact of things in two ways both of their intensity and duration
- any greater accuracy of forecasts suggesting learning about one’s own emotions is difficult
Study on Affective Forecasting Green et al. 2013
Key Findings
exggarate events affect on our what?
- Found we tend to exaggerate the effects of positive or negative events on our happiness
Biased Affective Forecasting Columbo et al. 2020
Key Findings
- Positively biased forecasting is associated with
- When high levels of stress are experienced, participants hold an optimistic yet biased estimation of pa
- positively biased PA forecasting is an adaptive cognitive distortion
- greater perceived psychological well-being and higher resilience
- more likely to successfully manage stressors
- an adaptive cognitive distortion
Mechanisms for Affective Forecasting Errors
1. Focalism
2. Immune neglect
3. Failure to predict adaptation
- Tendency to place too much focus on a single factor or piece of information when making judgments
- Fail to envision how their own coping skills will lessen their unhappiness
- People fail to envision shifts in what they value
Hindsight Bias
- Memory distortion…
- Invevatibilty…
- Forseeability…
- We selectively recall information that confirms …
- When this narrative is easy to generate…
- Involves misremembering an earlier opinion or judgment
- Centers our belief that the event was inevitable
- Involves the belief that we personally could have foreseen the event
- what we know to be true and we try create a narrative that makes sense from the information we have
- we interpret that to mean the outcome must be foreseeable
What are some of the mind traps that affect us regularly
- SA
- M
- P
- DC
- MG
- O
- Selective Abstraction
- Minimisation
- Personalisation
- Drawing conclusions without evidence
- Magnification
- Overgeneralization
What do studies show about anticipating or waiting for a material good over an experience?
- Concerning material goods more happiness comes from
- Waiting for an experience tends to be pleasurable
- Anticipating waiting for a purchase
- Than waiting for a material good
Resetting Reference Points
- A reference point is a completely irrelevant standard
- Concretely re-experience
- Concretely observe
- Avoid social comparison
- Interrupt composition
- Increase variety
- against which we constantly compare things
- go back and re-experience old reference points when things were more challenging
- Consider a reference point that is not as good your situation at that point in time
- Not a realistic reference point
- space out good things
- space out things do not consume all at once
Growth Mindset Study Limeri et al. 2020
Key Findings
- 5 Findings
What affect does it have on people and thier lives
- are happier
- more satisfied
- more at peace
- greater satisfaction in jobs
- high self-esteem
What influences mindset?
- Relationships
- Attributes
-Behaviours
- Praise from parents and teachers
- Praising attributes implies the success of innate traits
- Praising success = successful behaviour
Cognitive Behavior Therapies
- Thoughts
- Behavior
- Emotion
- CBT Definition
- What we think affects how we think and feel
- What we do affects how we think and feel
- What we feel affects how we think and feel
- Strategies and techniques to help us understand challenge negative thoughts and feelings
The Cognitive Model
- Cue
- Thoughts and Beliefs
- Emotions
- The trigger that causes negative thoughts and feeling
- The ideas thoughts and beliefs that are triggered by the experience
- Feelings triggered by experience
Can positive emotions in early life predict longevity? Danner et al. 2001
- Autobiographies of Nuns were studied. Those with more cheerful content in their earlier life
- 90% cheerful first quarter life still alive 85 compared 34% less cheerful
- 54% of the most cheerful still alive at 94%
- Nuns who had more positive emotional content lived longer than nuns with less positive content
Duchenne vs. Pan American Smile
- What is the definition
- Duchenne: genuine smile
- PA: unauthentic smile
Best Possible Selves Technique
- Visualize a future for yourself where
- Use the feeling
- Plan for
- Create a
- Relies on
- Studies on mental contrasting
- everything turns out the way you wanted
- to mobilize the act
- obstacles
- a plan for obstacles
- mental contrasting
- mental contrasting of negative fantasies effective way to encourage Covid-19 preventative behavior
Optimistic Outlook Burkw et al. 2023
- Key Findings
- Positive attitudes associated with…
- Higher motivation to undertake…
- Linked to achievement in…
- Optimists live longer…
- improved well-being and better physical health
- health-promoting behaviours
- sport, education, politics and business
- as 30% of conary related health problems
Which comes first? Health benifits of positive mood?
- Those participants in a positive mood state showed much more rapid
- Rapid recovery from
- cardiovascular recovery than those in a neutral or negative mood state
- Stress is known to benefit health
