Monosaccharide(s)
List:
Glucose Fructose Galatose Ribose Deoxyribose
Pentose
List:
Ribose
Deoxyribose
Hexose
LIst:
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
Glycogenolysis
Describe:
Break down of glycogen
Need energy to happen
Fight or Flight
Turned on by epinephrine
Glycogenesis
Describe:
Build up of glycogen
Enzyme Inhibition - Poison
Describe:
Irreversible
Aldo-sugar (Aldose)
Describe:
Contains aldehyde group at C #1
O
||
C - H
Aldo-sugar (Aldose)
Examples:
Glucose
Ribose
Galactose
Keto-sugar (Ketose)
Describe:
Contains ketone group (at C #2)
Keto-sugar (Ketose)
Examples:
Fructose
O
||
C
Stereoisomers
Describe:
Chiral, asymmetrical
Same formula, different configurations
Enantiomers
Describe:
Mirrored, but not superimposed
C5 is chiral
Diastereromers
Describe:
Not mirrored
Epimers
Describe:
Differs in one of the Cs
C2, C3, C4 or chiral
Anomers
Describe:
Differs at Anomeric C
C1 is chiral
alpha is down
beta is up
L-sugars
Describe:
Hydroxyl group is on the left
Not found in nature
Levoamphetamine (psychostimulant)
D-sugars
Describe:
Hydroxyl group is on the right
Found in nature
Dextroamphetamine (ADHD and narcolepsy treatment)
Monosaccharides
Glucose (example):
Blood sugar
Monosaccharides
Fructose (example):
Fruits
High Fructose Corn Syrup
Monosaccharides
Galactose (example):
N/A
Monosaccharides
Use:
Energy. Energy storage.
Oligosaccharides (Disaccharides)
Use:
Energy storage (temporary), cell identification
Glycoproteins (cell to cell communication)
Two monosaccharides joined covalently by an O-glycosidic bond.
Oligosaccharides (Disaccharides)
Maltose (example):
Glucose + Glucose
alpha 1-4 linkage
Fermentation, beer
Oligosaccharides (Disaccharides)
Sucrose (example):
Glucose + Fructose
alpha 1-2 beta linkage
Oligosaccharides (Disaccharides)
Lactose (example):
Glucose + Galactose
B 1-4 linkage