WHAP Quarter 2 Flashcards
(132 cards)
1
Q
Legislation that outlines how a government is supposed to be run.
A
Town Charter
2
Q
Prominent in Italy; Wealthy merchants, the economic elite, use this self-governance system to benefit. This system also had some form of elections (they were unfair, though)
A
Town Charter
3
Q
A union of business owners to reduce competition
A
Guilds
4
Q
To join, you must be sponsored (usually via familial relations) and be a business owner
A
Guilds
5
Q
The transition from other types of currency to paper; this made it easier to withdraw and carry around money. Works a lot like a modern check.
A
Bills of Exchange
6
Q
In the late 15th century, this caused an enormous inflation of credit.
A
Bills of Exchange
7
Q
The idea to bring the values from Greek and Latin texts into modern society.
A
Humanism
8
Q
Led to Individualism (expanded educations and universities) and led to the rebirth: the renaissance.
A
Humanism
9
Q
Estimated to be around 1300-1600. It was the celebration of Greek and Latin texts and sparked creativity and innovation.
A
Renaissance
10
Q
Led to patronage; promoted the rediscovery of classical philosophy, literature and art.
A
Renaissance
11
Q
This event destroy the Catholic Church’s reputation in Western Europe because they couldn’t help. It also gradually ends serfdom in Europe.
A
Black Death
12
Q
A bacterial disease that has been around for millennia. The _____ _____ spread through fleas on rats wrecked havoc from 1347-1351 in Afroeurasia (especially in Europe and China).
A
Black Death
13
Q
Artists/Writers are paid by super rich merchants (to enhance their prestige and show-off) to create stuff
A
Patronage
14
Q
Art only was made because of wealth
A
Patronage
15
Q
Relevant in the 1440’s. Used to create copies of books (people read the short, entertaining stuff though)
A
Printing Press
16
Q
Through this, Martin Luther was able to catalyze his influence in Europe by spreading Protestant ideas via pamphlets (that people liked to read)
A
Printing Press
17
Q
A fast, triangular sail
A
Lateen Sail
18
Q
Created in India. Justifies that Europe initiated contact with the Americas had the structural cause of the gradual improvement of navigation technology.
A
Lateen Sails
19
Q
New ship that was small but fast
A
Caravel
20
Q
Created in Portugal. Justifies that Europe initiated contact with the Americas had the structural cause of the gradual improvement of navigation technology.
A
Caravel
21
Q
Under the leadership of Martin Luther, people leave the Roman Catholic Church to become Protestants.
A
Protestant Reformation
22
Q
The people were critical of the Roman Catholic Church and knew it was corrupt (especially with the sale of indulgences). The King especially liked this reformation because Martin Luther, the leader, believed that the power should go to the ruler. What was the reformation called?
A
Protestant Reformation
23
Q
After the _____ __ ________, Protestant leaders were seen as more legitimate. The wars between the sectors of the religion did not stop, however.
A
Peace of Augsburg
24
Q
A resolution to the wars between Protestants and Catholics that declared the doctrine of “cuius regio, eius religio” which means “whose realm, their religion”. Religion of ruler determines the religion of the followers. What was this doctrine called?
A
Peace of Augsburg
25
The concept that all natural things (both animate and inanimate) have immortal souls in some Native American culture
Animism
26
Shamans were said to be able to connect the spiritual and physical worlds. From what general concept do shamans come from?
Animism
27
Corns, beans, and squash were the _ _____ ____
3 Sisters Crops
28
A combination of plants that allowed flexibility and efficiency when farmed together; harvest could be scaled up or down easily
3 Sisters Crops
29
A form of sociopolitical organization intermediate between the tribe and the state.
Cheifdom
30
Form of political organization in which a chief rules a small society of people
Chiefdom
31
Native Americans were often this, they traced their lineage via their mothers
Matrilineal
32
Familial connection through the mother
Matrilineal
33
Feminine Men, Feminine Women, Masculine Men, Masculine Women
Two-Spirits
34
In Native American societies, there were two other genders other than just men and women; believed that some people had different spirits in them
Two-Spirits
35
a Native American people of the Caribbean islands - the first group encountered by Columbus and his men when they reached the Americas.
Taino
36
Estimated population drop from 2-3 Million in 1491 to 500 in 1528 for these people
Taino
37
The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus' voyages.
Columbian Exchange
38
Foods which had high caloric value and which principally were traded over the Columbian Exchange
Staple Foods
39
_____ _____ allowed some societies to gain lots of profit and increase their population due to their high nutritional value
Staple Foods
40
Native to South America; introduced into the Congo Basin by the Porteguese
Cassava
41
Spread of this crop increased the population in Nigeria because of its high nutritional value
Cassava
42
One of the principal diseases moved through the Columbian Exchange
Smallpox
43
This disease wreaked havoc in Native population
Smallpox
44
The exchange of goods, primarily slaves between Africa, America, and Europe.
Transatlantic trade
45
Goods traded between the Americas and Asia, silver was traded here
Transpacific trade
46
Spanish conquerors in the Americas
Conquistadors
47
Literally just another word for corn
Maize
48
This crop had to be artificially selected to become as useful as possible to the natives. Literally just corn.
Maize
49
Because of Spain's desire to keep as tight control over its colonies as possible, it appointed ______________________, European people born in Spain, to rule its colonies in the Americas for a certain amount of time
Peninsulares
50
The Spanish male governors established local authority in the Americas because the government believed that only people from Spain are trustworthy to hold the position
Peninsulares
51
Chunks of land ruled by viceroys, powerful administrators in the Americas. Examples include the ______ of Peru and New Spain (modern-day Mexico)
Viceroyalty
52
Companies that were owned by rich Europeans who essentially invested into starting American colonies to make more money.
Chartered company
53
A system primarily used by Dutch and English, as these areas' governments were not nearly as invested into directly controlling their colonies as the Spanish. A _______ _______ was used to administer territories between the 1500's and 1700's,
Chartered Company
54
The parent state of a colony
Metropole
55
An example of this is Spain for the Spanish Empire and its viceroyalties
Metropole
56
An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of precious metals and using natural resources from their colonies
Mercantilism
57
An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of precious metals and using natural resources from their colonies
Mercantilism
58
Colonial administration was designed to economically benefit the metropole
Mercantilism
59
Similar to manorialism, a system in which rich capitalists own large amounts of property and the people who live there
Hacienda system
60
A way that colonial powers get goods they want without slaves/forced labor, instead, they require the natives to do their labor
Spanish m’ita
61
This system was used by the Spanish to manipulate Natives to do the dangerous work of silver mining for them
Spanish m’ita
62
Similar to serfdom, the king gives you a contract to enslave indigenous people. Essentially gave colonists legal permission to brutalize Native Americans
Encomienda
63
The concept that everyone under the Spanish crown are subjects. The crown would "grant" labor to natives and if they did not comply they would face harsh punishment.
Encomienda
64
A system in colonial Spain of determining a person's social importance according to different racial categories, such as mestizo
Casta system
65
Paintings of this described a racial hierarchy where darker skins were poorer
Casta system
66
One person has total ownership of another
Chattel Slavery
67
Other coerced labor systems in the Americas did not fill the labor needed; _____ ______ allowed for the labor force to be filled by bringing Africans to the new world
Chattel Slavery
68
A blending of beliefs and practices from different religions into one faith
Syncretism
69
Vodun and Sikhism are products of ___________
Syncretism
70
African religious ideas and practices among descendants of African slaves in Haiti.
Vodun
71
Enslaved Africans continued their beliefs but combined Catholicism. This belief system was the outcome.
Vodun
72
Trading of slaves from Africa to the Americas across the Atlantic Ocean
Transatlantic slave trade
73
Located in the Western portion of central Africa, this state was active in trade networks. It traded enslaved people to Portuguese slave traders.
Kingdom of the Kongo
74
This African state was damaged due to the slave trade, but kept being involved because of large profits. The slave trade damaged the demographics of the state because many men were sent off, which gave rise to polygyny (credit to Heimler's History)
Kingdom of the Kongo
75
Communities were formed by escaped slaves in the Caribbean, Latin American, and the United States.
Maroon societies
76
Assets which will be used to generate more wealth or profit via investments
Capital
77
A company whose stocks (shares) are owned jointly by a shareholder
Joint-stock company
78
Wealthy people invested in these in order to make money in overseas colonies (the companies they invested in had armies to take over). Did not always work. An expression of capitalism.
Joint-stock company
79
Government-chartered joint-stock company that controlled the spice trade in the East Indies, specifically, Indonesia
Dutch East India Company (VOC)
80
This Joint-Stock company focused on profits via nutmeg
Dutch East India Company (VOC)
81
A joint-stock company that controlled most of India during the period of imperialism. This company controlled the political, social, and economic life in India for more than 200 years.
British East India Company (EIC)
82
The transition from Europe not being connected much in trade (to the rest of the world) to being connected in trade.
Commercial revolution
83
Europe no longer traded goods for goods but instead good for silver (and other precious things). Once they could control the Americas and not be incredibly agriculturally dependent, they could diversify and gain more profit from trade.
Commercial revolution
84
A political ideology which believes that governments and monarchs should have no limits to their power
Absolutism
85
A nickname for 3 Islamic empires: the Ottomans, Safavids, and the Mughals
Gunpowder Empires
86
The ____________ ______________ were not called that because of their use of gunpowder, but instead because it was born in the era where gunpowder was extremely significant. All warfare included gunpowder usually from either side. Take a wild guess what this term is :)
Gunpowder Empires
87
An unusually long-lasting empire that conquered Constantinople in 1453 and the Mamluk Empire in 1517
Ottoman Empire
88
This empire grew from Gazi Traditions (holy warriors that formed a small empire in Turkey) and grew exponentially after they took control of the Mediterranean trade (Constantinople). They also grew by legitimizing themselves by conquering Mecca and could control the pilgrimage.
Ottoman Empire
89
System of courts used by Ottomans for non-Muslim people. Muslims would go to courts where Sharia Law was implemented, but to allow for other religious groups too, this system was created. It gave religious minorities some legal autonomy.
Millet System
90
Despite the Ottomans being Sunni Muslims, they created this court system that was used and administered by minorities (although they did view Shi'a as heretics and there was less leeway for them)
Millet System
91
A Twelvist Theocracy based in Persia
Safavid Empire
92
Hayder's son, Shah Ismal I rules this Shi'a empire. They relied on the Silk Road, but as it declined so did the prowess of the empire.
Safavid Empire
93
A government controlled by religious leaders, in this style of government, there is no real distinction between politics and religion
Theocracy
94
China's establishment of a tax which it required its citizens to pay in ____, it became a source of massive demand for the metal. Most of the ____ of the world ended up here in the Medieval era. This made the metal's price inflate.
Silver inflation
95
A relatively tolerant Islamic Empire which controlled India from 1526-1857
Mughal Empire
96
This empire experienced a transition from being barely a Muslim empire to becoming a full empire because Auaranzeb takes over in 1707 after fighting a civil war with his religiously-tolerant brother
Mughal Empire
97
Syncretic religion founded by Nanak that blended Islamic and Hindu Beliefs
Sikhism
98
Emperor of the Mughal Empire from 1556-1605 , was relatively religiously tolerant, abolished the Jizya Tax, and created the Divine Faith
Akbar the Great
99
The Divine Faith dies out after its creator, __________, dies; he believes that he is god
Akbar the Great
100
A religious "cult" formed by Akbar which believed that all religions are true
Divine Faith
101
The last dynasty of China which was very militaristic
Qing Empire
102
This empire was ruled by Kangxi from 1661-1772. He portrayed himself as a Confucian scholar for propaganda; the imperial exam was still a big deal and he had to convince people to stick with Confucian ideals
Qing Empire
103
A system used in the Qing Dynasty which organized Qing Dynasty elites into battalions. You're part of a banner from birth, which means you have to serve in the military for some time. If you are part of a banner, you get immense social and legal privilege.
Eight Banners System
104
This system had a patrilineal connection to determine different sects of the elite. The first 8 banners were for Manchurian, but 8 were added each for the Mongols and the Han. They provided an incentive to be part of the Qing. They were so meaningful that people even revoked their ethnicity (deceptively) to go to the higher and more prestigious Manchurian banners.
Eight Banners System
105
The genocide of over 1 million Tibetan Buddhists executed by the Qing Dynasty; the consequence of the state capacity and absolutism of the Qing
Dzungar genocide
106
Series of events that marked the emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology (including human anatomy) and chemistry transformed the views of society about nature. Credit: Wikipedia
Scientific Revolution
107
The term used to describe the change in how people thought about the universe from 1500-1600. The people involved include Copernicus, Galileo, Andreas Vesalius, Sir Isaac Newton, Rene Descartes, and Sir Francis Bacon.
Scientific Revolution
108
The model where the sun was the object that the planets (including Earth) orbited. Early versions of the model had circular orbits and assumed that the sun was at the center of the universe.
Heliocentrism
109
The model which Copernicus discovered to be more accurate than the geocentric model. The model was better at predicting where the location of the planets would be in the future; it took a while to be fully accepted.
Heliocentrism
110
A prominent astronomer who improved telescopes drastically, proved that moonlight was reflected sunlight, and more.
Galileo Galilei
111
Prominent in anatomy; used the bodies from public executions for dissection to make incredibly detailed drawings and writings about the human body.
Andreas Vesalius
112
This scientist justified their dissections by saying that the corpses belong ed to bad people and that it was important for Christianity. The church accepted their work and this can be used as evidence to show that science and religion weren't always opposing sides.
Andreas Vesalius
113
The guy who came up with the concept of gravity
not because an apple fell on his head
Sir Isaac Newton
114
Through the use of inductive reasoning and thought experiments, ___ _____ ______ used gravity to explain why the heliocentric model works. Also was an alchemist.
Sir Isaac Newton
115
An idea developed by Newton. The natural phenomenon by which all things with mass or energy—including planets, stars, galaxies, and even light—are attracted to one another. On Earth, ______ gives weight to physical objects. Credit: Wikipedia.
gravity
116
An idea developed by Newton. ______ is the resistance of any physical object to any change in its velocity. This includes changes to the object's speed, or direction of motion. An aspect of this property is the tendency of objects to keep moving in a straight line at a constant speed when no forces act upon them. Credit: Wikipedia.
inertia
117
Another word for inductive reasoning; conclusions derived from observation
Empiricism
118
The basis of the scientific method created by Sir Francis Bacon (use observation)
Empiricism
119
The reasoning where you use general and true rules to arrive at a guaranteed conclusion
Deductive reasoning
120
The reasoning that Rene Descartes used to find truth in the universe
Deductive reasoning
121
Describes the age of reason; rise of intellectual and philosophical ideas in Europe in the 17th to 18th century
Enlightenment
122
Wealthy people used these to host philosophical and political discussion for other wealth people
Salon
123
He wrote the Second Treatise of Government and provided a counter theory to absolutism; this person believed that everyone was born with natural rights: life, liberty, and property.
John Locke
124
Believed that the purpose of government was to protect the natural rights of its citizens.
John Locke
125
A non-radical thinker that agrees with John Locke and dislikes tyranny. He created the concept of the 3 branches of government (initially the executive branch meant king) and therefore also check and balances.
Baron de Montesquieu
126
A radical thinker that believed that it was not required for a government to have the king and that the will of people serves as a substitute to an executive. Very influential.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
127
An abolitionist and follower of John Wesley. The abolitionist movement that he is involved picked up after the enlightenment because the idea of natural rights isn't compatible with slavery. Christianity and natural rights drive this movement.
William Wilberforce
128
Wrote the Vindication on the Rights of Women (1792). She endorses that natural rights should apply to women and they can't live up to their potential because they aren't given the opportunities that men are.
Mary Wollstonecraft
129
Created the first Encyclopedia (1751-1772). It is important because it's a large resource of knowledge which can be accessed without the Church.
Denis Diderot
130
Wrote "On the Wealth of the Nations" in 1776. The book is a critique of mercantilism and created a movement against it. He advocated that the wealth of a nation is dependent on all economic activity, not just the accumulation of currency. Believed in Laissez Faire, free market. Marks when the modern version of economy comes into play in history.
Adam Smith
131
Believer in Deism, Age of Reason 1794-1755. Deism states that God exists but does not take action or intervene with the world in any meaningful way.
Thomas Paine
132
Mutual correspondence between Enlightenment and rulers. Rulers accepted Enlightenment and allowed for its texts to be published despite its contradictions with those rulers (Enlightenment ideas were against monarchs/rulers/absolutism). Essentially a way for rulers to legitimize and be popular with its people.
Enlightened Absolutism
