Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

eBMS1052 > Wk1-3 FOUNDATIONS > Flashcards

Wk1-3 FOUNDATIONS Flashcards

(66 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

ICF ECF concs

A 
ICF= inc K+
ECF= inc Ca2+ and Cl-
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

describe cytoskeleton of neurons

A 
microtubules= run down neurites,mediate IC transport
neurofilaments = structural support, regulate diameter
microfilaments= actin molecules, link tubules and membrane
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is a neurite

A

projection out of the soma e.g: dendrites and axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

larger diameter=

A

lower resistance, easier transmittance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the axon proper

A

axon strand,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

2 types of axon travel=

A

fast axoplasmic transport

slow axoplasmic transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

fast axoplasmic transport

A 
proteins travelling down microtubule, 
active process, 
proteins synthesised in soma transported to synapse 
waste from synapse transported to soma, 
1m/day
use kinesin/dynein proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

anterograde via kinesin protein

A

towards synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

retrograde via dynein protein

A

towards soma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

slow axoplasmic transport

A 
unclear mechanisms (stops and go?)
not simply passive diffusion as it requires energy,
0.1-10mm/day
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

structure of axon terminals

A

no microtubules
many internal vesicles containing neurotransmitters
protein dense membrane
lots of mitochondria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is a synapse

A

special connection between 2 neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

describe chemical synapse

A

electric signal travels down axon
vesicles released in pre-synaptic membrane
travels through synaptic cleft
binds to specialised proteins at post-synaptic membrane
converted to electrical signal

slower than electrical synapses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

outline dendrites

A

come off soma
spines protrude off dendrites to receive axonal inputs
dendrite arbor (tree-like structure) affects function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

classifications of neurons

A 
number of neurites (uni bi multi polar)
shape and dendrites
connections
axon length
types of neurotransmitters used
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what a glia

A

glia support neural function and may be involved in information transmission, some produce myelin (myelinating glia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what does myelin sheath do

A

prevents ion movements in ICF and ECF
increases axonal conduction velocity
insulator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

outline astrocytes

A

most glia in brain fill spaces between neurons and vessels
influence neurone growth and regulate ECF, neurotransmitters, metabolism, blood brain barrier
ensheath smaller molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

outline microglia

A

remove debris of dead cells
flight response inflammation in brain
specialised immune system in brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

outline ependymal cells

A

epithelium-like cells
line fluid filled vesicles
produce cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and controls release between brain tissue and ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

a higher ratio in nernst/GHK equation =

A

higher charge imbalance = higher ionic equilbrium potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

if a membrane is permeable to only 1 ion, mpot will

A

move towards that ions equilibrium potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what is an ions equilibrium potentials

A

the voltage that counteracts the conc gradient of an ion.

if mpot = equilibrium pot then no movement of ion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

GHK calculates

A

mpot

if you know conc and permeability of all ions involved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
outline sodium potassium pump mechanism
2 conformations = open to ICF or ECF ICF conf = bonds ATP and 3Na. ATP hydrolysed changing conformation ECF conf = releases Na bonds to 2K causes dephosphorylation and a second conf change
26
outline potassium channels
membrane is 40x more permeable to K than Na due to K leaky channels 2 pore domain channels help set resting mpot
27
outline depolarisation
threshold potential is crossed causing voltage gated Na channels to open. mpot moves towards Na potential.
28
outline repolarisation
when the threshold potential is first reached K channels are told to open too but are slower than Na channels. Na channels close and then most of the K channels are open causing repolarisation
29
outline hyperpolarisation
these delayed-rectifier k channels take longer to close causing the mpot to become more negative. after all these are closed the mpot restores with leaky channels. this is also known as the relative refractory period limitng further AP generation
30
what is the absolute refractory period
where APs rarely occur | Nav channels remain inactive during hyperpolarisation
31
inactivation of Nav channels stops
back propagation
32
outline saltatory conduction
AP propagation from jumping to nodes of ranvier. This is where ion channels are concentrated. more frequent gaps & smaller amounts of myelin are more effective in preserving the signal.
33
outline electrical synapses
form gap junction of non selective channels direct electrical coupling between cytosol of 2 neurons physically close small and instant bidirectional 2nd synapse has smaller voltage
34
chemical synapse classification: axon location
axo dendritic : synapse attaches to dendrites of other neuron axo somatic axo axonic
35
chemical synapse classification: microscopic structure
grays type 1: asymmetrical, round vesicles, excitatory grays type 2: symmetrical, inhibitory, less electron dense
36
chemical synapse classification: by size
number and size of 2 neuron synapses indicates strength and importance of signalling. inc strength = inc mpot = inc active zones present
37
chemical synapse classification: by neurotransmitter
amino acids amines peptides
38
chemical synapse classification: by effector
special example: neurotransmuscular junction which specialises in connection from motor neurons to muscle fibres
39
outline neurotransmitter synthesis
made in neuron it belongs to - amino acids available in neuron are packaged - GABA and amines require enzymes - peptides packed in granules in nucleus and transported
40
outline neurotransmitter release
Cav channels in active zones open when AP reaches. Ca floods axon terminals triggering neurotransmitter release. Na Ca exchanger pulls 1 Ca out of terminal for 3 Na
41
outline neurotransmitter binding
2 methods ionotropic: ligand gated channel on post synaptic membrane specific to neurotransmitter metabotropic: linked with ion channels. acts through a second messenger. broader, distributed effects
42
outline responses to neurotransmitter
post synaptic potential (PSP) change in mpot due to neurotransmitter mediated opening ``` Excitatory PSP (EPSP) = depolarisation (Na influx) Inhibitory PSP (IPSP) = hyperpolarisation (Cl channels open) ```
43
explain IPSP
Cl channels open but due to mpot being the same as Cl potential, no ion movement. however any Na influx that occurs will then be counteracted.
44
outline recycling neurotransmitters
diffusion away from synapse reuptake in pre synaptic terminal enzymatic destruction break down
45
outline receptor response to stimuli
stimulus has effect on target receptors receptors convert into a type of energy (likely chemical) signal received by sensory neurons (afferent nerve fibres) passed to a relay neuron in brain signal reaches motor neuron (efferent fibres) out to the effector which performs response
46
3 types of receptors
somatic: for physical, touch position etc special : for sense, smell taste etc visceral : internal organs
47
somatic nervous system
part of motor division of PNS | controls skeletal muscle contractions
48
autonomic nervous system
part of motor division of PNS | made up of sympathetic (fight/flight) and parasympathetic (rest/digest)
49
directions of body
top dorsal bottom ventral front rostral back caudal slicing through brain as a scanner horizontal transverse vertical scanning forward coronal vertical scanning side sagittal
50
outline sensory/motor neurons in CNS
sensory neurons: cell body = dorsal root ganglion axons enter = dorsal root synapses = dorsal horn motor neurons: cell body = ventral horn axons exit = ventral root synapses = muscle fibres
51
brain stem
made up of the medulla, pons and midbrain
52
cerebellum
role in motor control
53
diencephalon
thalamus: relay station, controls flow of signals to cerebrum hypothalamus: regulates metabolic processes pituitary gland: homeostasis, hormones pineal gland: endocrine organ modulates sleep
54
cerebrum
cerebral cortex: outermost sheet of neural tissue, sensory perception, motor control basal ganglia: 4 internal nuclei, form feedback circuits with cerebral cortex limic system: disparate collection of nuclei. made of hippocampus and amygdala
55
meninges
3 protective membranes departing CNS and bone dura mater: outermost closest to skull, tough bag surrounding brain and spinal cord arachnoid mater: appearance of spiderwebbed web, impermeable to fluid, no space between dura pia mater: thin membrane, close to brain surface, separated from arachnoid by CSF, many blood vessels
56
CSF
produced by choroid plexus | situated within ventricles (4 cavaties in core of brain)
57
BBB
restricts entry of macromolecules into brain shield brain from abnormal variations in ionic composition and toxic molecules tight junctions astrocytes regulate blood flow separation of blood flow incase of an increase in pressure
58
extracellular recordings
electrode positioned in EC space. one or more neurons may be recorded electrical changes due to EC ions detected provide info about networks of neurons
59
intracellular recordings
electrode in single neuron ion filled micropipette electrodes patch clamp recording which can vary to look at different manipulation of mpot.
60
computed axial tomography (CT scan)
multiple x ray images of brain stacked together to produce 3D brain model only detects brain structure, not function
61
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
the energy emitted from the spin of hydrogen atoms subjected to strong magnetic field fMRI looks at function changes
62
what is a BOLD repsonse
blood oxygen level dependent response. detectors detect more in brain in places that have more blood flow. higher score of BOLD signal can help find relations of function in brain parts.
63
electroencephalography
recorded localised change in electrical activity in the brain through the placement of electrodes on the head.
64
transcranial stimulation (TMS)
localised excitation of brain tissue by a magnetic current. | helps find relations between parts of the brain and modulate peoples behaviour
65
optogenetics
modulates activity by introducing light sensitive channels and an electrode into subject brain
66
microstimulation
intracellular: injecting current into single cell will change mpot extracellular: injecting current into ECF will depolarise 100s of neurons.

eBMS1052 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions