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WORLD HISTORY FINAL Flashcards

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0
Q

Hierarchy within Society (Middle Ages)

A

King> Vassals (nobles and church officials)> Knights (mounted horsemen)> Serfs

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1
Q

Feudalism

A

Serfs tended the fields of their superiors, paid taxes, lives in poor conditions, and were not allowed to leave.
People were dependent on local leaders, not central rulers.

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2
Q

Crusades

A

Christians attempt to take back Palestine from Muslims
Reopened trade, spread culture, gave power to central government
New weapons developed

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3
Q

Growth of Towns

A

Individuals began to make goods in their homes
Banking/loan system develops
People invest earnings in businesses

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4
Q

Market Economy

A

People can sell goods for profit

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5
Q

Charter

A

Statement written by citizens of a town that declare their rights:
Freedom to those who live in a town for a year and a day
Exemption from manor life
Justice in front of a jury of townspeople
Commercial privileges

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6
Q

Role of the Church (Middle Ages)

A

Church held the power because of lack of central government
Owned a lot of land
Handed out punishments such as excommunication and interdicts (excommunication for a whole region)
Corrupt- people could buy offices (simony) or be appointed by leaders (lay investiture) and church imposed tax (tithe)

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7
Q

Guilds

A

Groups of people with one profession (i.e. blacksmiths)

Hierarchy: apprentice< journeyman< master craftsman

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8
Q

Black Plague

A

Caused by rats and spread by fleas- originated in China

Caused pus-filled boils and caused 100% mortality

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9
Q

Characteristics of Renaissance

A 
"Rebirth" period
Brought trade and investment/banking
Sponsor arts
Secular life without focus on religion
Classical- focus on styles from the past
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10
Q

Humanism

A

Education and culture based on study of the classics

Valued individualism

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11
Q

Characteristics of Renaissance Art

A 
Realism+ Expression
Perspective
Classicism- Greek and Roman influence
Emphasis on Imdividualism
Geometrical arrangement
Light and Shadowing
Artists as celebrities
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12
Q

Northern Renaissance themes

A 
Focused on reform, return of Christian values, and revolt against church leaders
Portraits of middle-class and peasant life
Realism and Naturalism- Landscapes
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13
Q

Notable Renaissance artists

A

Leonardo da Vinci- true “Renaissance Man”, had knowledge in many areas
Michelangelo Buonarotti- sculptor and artist
Rafael- used geometry
Jan van Eyck- father of oil painting
Albrecht Dürer- created detailed wood carvings
Pieter Brugel the Elder- landscape painter

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14
Q

“The Prince” by Machiavelli

A

Written about politics in the past and how a prince should behave toward his people to maintain power

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15
Q

“The Book of the Courtier”

A

Taught how to become the ideal individual and promoted education

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16
Q

New Technology (Age of Exploration)

A

Hartman Astrolabe- helped sailors navigate using stars
Compasses
Triangular sails to catch the wind

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17
Q

Commercial Revolution

A

Economic expansion, colonialism, and mercantilism

Caused by growth of towns, trade, banking, insurance, and investing, and influx of gold/silver

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18
Q

Joint stock company

A

Wealthy merchant class funds trips/exploration

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19
Q

Mercantilism

A

A government should do all it can to increase a nation’s wealth and create a favorable balance of trade- more exporting than importing

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20
Q

Sir Francis Drake

A

Leader of Queen Elizabeth’s Armada, which defeated Spain

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21
Q

Ferdinand Magellan

A

Portuguese explorer who captained first circumnavigation of earth

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22
Q

Columbian Exchange

A

Goods traded between New World and Old World

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23
Q

Effects of Exploration

A 
Native populations destroyed
New products introduced
New patterns of world trade
Foundation of wealth for Industrial Revolution
Growth in world population
Deepened colonial rivalries
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24
Martin Luther
Monk upset by corruption of church values
25
95 Theses
Reasons written by Martin Luther as to why the church was corrupt Posted on church door
26
Erasmus
Wrote "In Praise of Folly" criticizing human superstitions
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Thomas More
Wrote "Utopia" about imperfect people in a perfect society | Talked about how to improve society
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Calvinism
Created by John Calvin Focused on predestination: your fate was already decided by God The elect were good Christians who were destined to be saved
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Huguenots
French Protestants persecuted and exterminated in 1536
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Counter Reformation
Catholics tried to reform their religion after corruption Inquisition- heretics punished severely Anti-Catholic books burned
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Council of Trent
Pope's interpretation of Bible accepted as truth Catholics saved by faith and good works Forbid selling of false indulgences
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Jesuits
Group founded by Ignatius de Loyola that spread education and Catholicism and stopped spread of Protestantism
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Results of religious change
People questioned role of the Church More secular society Focus on learning and individualism
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Copernicus
Earth revolves around sun- heliocentric
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Galileo
Believed in natural laws- scientific rules that never change Invented thermometer Improved telescope Wrote "Dialogue on the Two World Systems", which argued heliocentricism Persecuted by Church and forced to recant his works
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Isaac Newton
Discovered gravitation and laws of motion
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Anglican Church
Created by King Henry VIII so he could divorce his wife Reduced use of traditional Catholic sacraments but remained close to Catholicism Recognized king as head of church
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Characteristics of the Enlightenment
Reason and rational thought Secularism Social progress and legal reform Education, Freedom, liberty, and tolerance
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Diderot
Believed in freedom of thought and education | Published the "Encyclopedia" to spread knowledge which resulted in an increase in reading
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Montesquieu
Believed in 3 branches in government
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Voltaire
Criticized religion and admired Newton and English society
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Rousseau
Throught government was a necessary evil | Promoted democracy and a balance between sentiment and reason
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Salon
Places where philosophes could go to spread their ideas
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Adam Smith
Believed in Laissez-Faire: the state shouldn't interfere in the economy Believed in economic laws of nature: self-interest, competition, and supply and demand
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Enlightened despotism
Absolute rulers who did not rule with divine right and tried to use their power for the good of their people
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Legacy of Enlightenment
Democratic revolutions Brought attention to reform, democracy, and republicanism Created salons, lending libraries, and professional scientific institutes Individual received more civil and legal rights
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Problems faced by Queen Elizabeth
Religious issues- made Protestantism official religion Attempted betrayal by Mary Queen of Scots England attacked by the Spanish Armada Financial difficulties- England not as profitable and abundance of poor people
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Achievements of Queen Elizabeth
Religious Settlement Policy- Tolerates other religions but makes Protestantism official religion Defeats Spanish Armada with much smaller British navy Creates Poor Laws to aid poor people
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Petition of Right
``` Enacted by Charles I No imprisonment without due cause Cannot force loans or taxes Cannot house soldiers in private homes Cannot impose martial law in times of peace ```
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Long Parliament
Parliament was not called for very long intervals
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Oliver Cromwell
Puritan General who had King Charles I beheaded and became a dictator (Lord Protector) of England
52
English Civil War
Royalists (House of Lords, Aristocracy, Large landowners, Church officials) VS. Parliamentarians (House of Commons, Puritans, Merchants, Townspeople) Caused by Stuart Kings divine right, puritans feeling as thought they were not supported, and Charles I taxing and borrowing without consent of parliament and not following Petition of Rights
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Commonwealth
Republic put in place by Cromwell with a new contitution
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Restoration
Charles II restored the monarchy after Cromwell's death Disbanded New Model Army and restored power to Church of England Created Habeas Corpus Act
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Glorious Revolution
James II overthrown by army William and Mary of Orange take the throne Divine Right ends
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Habeas Corpus
No imprisonment without due cause and right to a fair trial
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John Locke
Optimistic about human state of nature- believed people could use reason Right to get rid of problematic government and create a new one
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Thomas Hobbes
Pessimistic about state of nature, thought that absolute government was needed and people could not overthrow it
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English Bill of Rights
Settled issues between King and Parliament King couldn't interfere with course of justice No armies maintained during peacetime Parliament held regularly Censorship ended Religious toerlance
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Act of Settlement
Parliament could choose monarch if there was no heir
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History of Irish struggle
People do not want to accept Protestantism Catholics persecuted during Cromwell's reign Penal laws against Catholics- property confiscated, no civil rights, on education, no jobs, no government power
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Potato Famine
Potatoes, staple food of Ireland, killed by blight | Caused hatred for British, underground organizations
63
Easter Rising
Sinn Fein members seize much of Dublin's public facilities and advocate Irish Republic Start of organized republican movement
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Irish Civil War
Irish people angry about "Irish Free State"- Ireland was still controlled by Britain and had to fight for their army
65
Government of Ireland Act
26 southern counties= Irish Free State | 6 northern counties= Part of Great Britain
66
Michael Collins
Urban guerrilla fighter who persuaded others to fight for Irish independence Agreed to Government of Ireland Act
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Eamon DeValera
President of the Irish Republic, leaves government because of treaty Collins had signed which made Ireland a free state
68
The Troubles
Paramilitaries and RUC in conflict over Irish governement, thousands of people were killed
69
Bloody Sunday
Thousands of Irish Catholics defy ban on demonstrating in Derry Police began firing on unarmed crowd and killed 13, wounded 17
70
Criminalization
Ended "special status" of criminals involved in terrorist attacks
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Internment
People could be held in jail for up to 90 days for no reason
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Protestant vs. Catholic viewpoint
Catholics wanted Irish independence | Protestants wanted to be part of Britain
73
Good Friday Agreement
Called for Catholics and Protestants to share power Republic has a say in affairs of the north Catholics should stop trying to create a unified Ireland
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Power Sharing Government
Catholics and Protestants share power | Britain ends direct rule
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Flag controversy in Northern Ireland
Many nationalists fly the Union Jack, which is hung from government buildings, but republicans fly the tricolor
76
Old Regime: 3 Estates
First estate- clergy, exempt from taxes Second estate- nobility, controlled government, military, and industry Third estate- bourgeoisie (merchants, bankers, industrialists), urban workers, and peasants
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Causes of the French Revolution
Three estates, bad harvest, Enlightenment, financial problems, lack of reform, Monarchs' greed, harsh winter
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Tennis Court Oath
Third estate representatives locked out of Estates General meeting, meet on a tennis court instead and vow not to stop meeting until a constitution is formed
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National Assembly
Created at Tennis Court Oath Abolish feudalism and serfdom End church tithes and censorship Take away privileges of nobility and clergy Create 83 Revolutionary departments: localized governments Church loses power
80
Legislative Assembly
Formed after the constitution was written Limited power of the king and eventually had him executed Elected by the people and divided into Conservatives and Liberals
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Reign of Terror
Revolutionary tribunal organized Censorship reinstated Roman Catholic Church and nobility destroyed Focus on "civic virtue"
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Robespierre
Began as opposing capital punishment/execution Eventually corrupted by idea of power and executes those around him Orchestrates Reign of Terror and Great Terror
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Committee of Public Safety
12 men ruled France Arrested, tried, and executed people in one day Invented guillotine
84
Napoleon's Reforms
Created the Bank of France Created education Equality, Concordat with Pope, central government, civil code
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The Hundred Days
Began after Napoleon escaped his banishment at Elba Island | Ended at Defeat of Waterloo
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Mistakes of Napoleon
Attacked Russia during the winter | Kept control of all of France
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Congress of Vienna
Nations surrounding France strengthened military | Wanted to stall revolutions- conservatives take the throne
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Significance of Congress of Vienna
Great. Britain and Prussia gain power France loses power Nationalism/unification become major ideas
89
Reasons Industrial Revolution started in Great Britain
``` Natural Resources Access to ocean- trade/transport Intellectual Climate Political liberalism- stable government/economy Naval power ```
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Marxism vs. socialism
Marxism is a political, theoretical concept | Socialism is a more practical, economic idea
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Agricultural Revolution
Increase in agricultural output- helped aid population growth Major cause of Industrial Revolution
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Transportation and Communication in Industrial Revolution
Steam engine Railroad Morse code/telegraph
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Development of Middle Class
Factories created- factory workers were better off than unemployed, but not rich= "middle class"
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Laissez-Faire
Government could not interfere in economy
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Free enterprise
Private businesses allowed to compete and earn profit without government involvement
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Urbanization
Population in cities grew quickly | Public facilities developed
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Causes of WWI
``` Revolutions of 1848 Italian/German unification Militarism/arms race Economic/Imperialistic rivalries Aggressive nationalism Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand ```
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The Balkans before WWI
Borders divided descendants of common ancestors, causing turmoil Black Hand- terrorist group that wants Austria-Hungarian regions to be annexed to Serbia
99
New Technology of WWI
Flame-throwers, grenade launchers, poison gas, machine guns, trench mortars, and the airplane/zeppelin
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Stalemate (WWI)
War slow-paced because of trenches | Allies failed to conquer Constantinople
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Role of women
Acted as nurses Worked in factories Created Propoganda- "guilted" men into enlisting
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Trench Warfare
Soldiers lived/fought in deep trenches dug in ground
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War of Attrition
Opposing sides attempt to win by "wearing down" the other
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Reasons for US entry in WWI
Germany attacks British ships with U-boats- Unrestricted Submarine Warfare American ships confiscated Americans killed in sinking of Lusitania + other attacks Zimmerman Telegram- Germany promises Mexico American territory
105
Wilson's 14 points
``` Deal with problems caused during war 1- secret alliances 2- freedom at sea 3- equality of trade 4- militarism 5- rivalries/nationalism 6-13- self-determination 14- League of Nations ```
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Treaty of Versailles
Forbid Germany from building up military+ forced them to pay reparations and sign war guilt clause Took away German colonies Returned Alsace-Lorraine to France
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League of Nations
Group of nations dedicated to preventing are from breaking out again America did not join
108
Role of Czar
Absolute, controls industry, jobs, military, land, church, and schools Peasants were at bottom of hierarchy
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February Revolution
People revolt because war is draining economy | Army and Duma support the people- Czar Nicholas II forced to abdicate
110
October Revolution
Bloodless coup in Petrograd Provisional government fails Elections held- socialist revolutionaries win but Lenin dissolves assembly next day
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Mistakes of Czar Nicholas II
Kept Russia in WWI Russia loses in Russo-Japanese War Soldiers fire on peaceful protesters- Bloody Sunday
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Lenin's Bolshevik Goals
Withdraw from WWI Establish communist revolution/government Provide food/relief for the people Land distribution
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Soviet
Groups made up of workers and military gaining power in Russia
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NEP
Lenin's "New Economic Policy" People could buy and sell items for profit Private business ownership allowed
115
Joseph Stalin
General Secretary of Communist Party Succeeds Lenin Plans Communist Revolution
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Five Year Plan
Stalin's plan to industrialize Russia quickly Ends NEP- too democratic Major industries controlled by government People forced to work in factories
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Collectivization of farming
Everything that is grown is given to the government
118
Legacy of Lenin and Stalin
Used Propaganda to convince people they were doing what was right Lowered standard of living
119
Economic Problems (Great Depression)
Overproduction+Underconsumption Tariffs Stock Market crash Buying on margin
120
Stock Market crash
Prices fluctuated quickly Farms failed People predicted stocks would improve- they were wrong
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New Deal
``` Created by Franklin D Roosevelt Focused on relief, recovery, and reform Created new jobs to beautify US Provided aid to farmers, disabled, retired, and unemployed Regulated stock market ```
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Difficulties in Germany and France (Depression)
French occupied the Ruhr- German government printed a ton of money to help Germans living there- hyperinflation Citizens dislike new Weimar Republic France weakened by war
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Fascism
Created by Mussolini Radical authoritarian nationalism Class based- hierarchy with strong autocratic leader Included violence
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Mussolini
Dictator in Italy Spread ideas through control of newspaper Offered relief from depression and restoration to former glory Inspiration to Hitler
125
Weimar Republic
New German government after WWI Germans disliked it because they were seen as traitors for signing the Treaty of Versailles Blamed for defeat and terrible economy
126
Hitler
Leader of Nazi party Wrote "Mein Kampf" Euthanizes "unworthy" Germans- concentration camps
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Appeasement
Said Hitler must promise not to attack or invade any other nations
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Causes of WWII
``` Appeasement of Germany Depression Totalitarian governments German aggression Treaty of Versailles Expansion of Axis Powers ```
129
Nazi Aggression
Capture Sudetenland and Czechoslovakia | Annex Austria
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Nonaggression Act
Russia and Germany agree not to attack each other | Agree in secret to divide Poland between them
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Munich Conference
Hitler had to promise not to attack any more nations
132
Spanish civil war
Fascists take control through foreign assistance from Italy and Germany
133
Italian Aggression
Attacks Ethiopia | Withdraws from League of Nations
134
Japanese Aggression
Attacks Manchuria | Resigns from League of Nations
135
US involvement (WWII)
US not a part of League of Nations | Remained neutral through pre-war
136
USSR Role in WWII
Not part of League of Nations | Conspired with Germany to take over Poland
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