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World War I Flashcards

1
Q

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

A

June 28, 1914: The heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne was assassinated in Sarajevo.

Sparked the July Crisis leading to WWI.

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2
Q

June 28, 1914: The heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne was assassinated in Sarajevo.

Sparked the July Crisis leading to WWI.

A

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

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3
Q

Austria-Hungary Declares War on Serbia

A

July 28, 1914: Austria-Hungary’s response to the assassination, marking the war’s beginning.

Triggered alliance obligations, escalating into a full-scale war.

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4
Q

July 28, 1914: Austria-Hungary’s response to the assassination, marking the war’s beginning.

Triggered alliance obligations, escalating into a full-scale war.

A

Austria-Hungary Declares War on Serbia

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5
Q

Battle of the Marne

A

September 6-12, 1914: First major WWI battle, halted the German advance. Casualties: ~500,000 combined.

Prevented German occupation of Paris, leading to trench warfare on the Western Front.

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6
Q

September 6-12, 1914: First major WWI battle, halted the German advance. Casualties: ~500,000 combined.

Prevented German occupation of Paris, leading to trench warfare on the Western Front.

A

Battle of the Marne

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7
Q

First Battle of Ypres

A

October to November 1914: Allies and Germany fought for control of Ypres. Casualties: ~105,000 Allies, ~82,000 Germans.

Marked the end of the Race to the Sea and the beginning of trench warfare.

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8
Q

October to November 1914: Allies and Germany fought for control of Ypres. Casualties: ~105,000 Allies, ~82,000 Germans.

Marked the end of the Race to the Sea and the beginning of trench warfare.

A

First Battle of Ypres

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9
Q

Gallipoli Campaign

A

April 25, 1915 - January 9, 1916: Allied attempt to secure a sea route to Russia. Casualties: ~250,000 per side

Demonstrated the difficulties of amphibious warfare, and bolstered national identities in Australia and New Zealand.

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10
Q

April 25, 1915 - January 9, 1916: Allied attempt to secure a sea route to Russia. Casualties: ~250,000 per side

Demonstrated the difficulties of amphibious warfare, and bolstered national identities in Australia and New Zealand.

A

Gallipoli Campaign

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11
Q

Sinking of the Lusitania

A

May 7, 1915: German U-boat sank the British liner, killing 1,198.

Turned public opinion in neutral countries against Germany, moving the US closer to entering the war.

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12
Q

May 7, 1915: German U-boat sank the British liner, killing 1,198.

Turned public opinion in neutral countries against Germany, moving the US closer to entering the war.

A

Sinking of the Lusitania

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13
Q

Battle of Verdun

A

February 21 - December 18, 1916: Longest battle of WWI, French and Germans. Casualties: ~377,000 French, ~337,000 German.

Symbolized the attritional nature of WWI, “bleeding white” the French Army.

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14
Q

February 21 - December 18, 1916: Longest battle of WWI, French and Germans. Casualties: ~377,000 French, ~337,000 German.

Symbolized the attritional nature of WWI, “bleeding white” the French Army.

A

Battle of Verdun

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15
Q

Battle of the Somme

A

July 1 - November 18, 1916: Allied offensive aiming to break through German lines. Casualties: ~1 million combined.

Showed the futility of trench warfare, the first use of tanks in combat.

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16
Q

July 1 - November 18, 1916: Allied offensive aiming to break through German lines. Casualties: ~1 million combined.

Showed the futility of trench warfare, the first use of tanks in combat.

A

Battle of the Somme

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17
Q

Russian Revolution

A

1917: Led to the downfall of the Russian Empire and the end of Tsarist autocracy.

Resulted in Russia’s withdrawal from WWI and the establishment of a communist government.

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18
Q

The United States Enters the War

A

April 6, 1917: The US joined the Allies after several provocations, including the Zimmermann Telegram.

Provided a significant boost to the Allies in terms of resources and morale.

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19
Q

Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)

A

July 31 - November 6, 1917: Marked by heavy rain and mud. Casualties: ~325,000 Allied, ~260,000 German.

Illustrated the horrors and stalemate of trench warfare.

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20
Q

July 31 - November 6, 1917: Marked by heavy rain and mud. Casualties: ~325,000 Allied, ~260,000 German.

Illustrated the horrors and stalemate of trench warfare.

A

Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)

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21
Q

German Spring Offensive

A

March 21 - July 18, 1918: Germany’s final major offensive. Casualties: ~688,000 combined.

Ultimately failed, leading to a successful counter-offensive by the Allies.

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22
Q

March 21 - July 18, 1918: Germany’s final major offensive. Casualties: ~688,000 combined.

Ultimately failed, leading to a successful counter-offensive by the All

A

German Spring Offensive

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23
Q

Hundred Days Offensive

A

August 8 - November 11, 1918: Allied counter-offensive that led to the war’s end. Casualties: ~1.8 million combined.

Forced the German retreat and led to the Armistice.

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24
Q

August 8 - November 11, 1918: Allied counter-offensive that led to the war’s end. Casualties: ~1.8 million combined.

Forced the German retreat and led to the Armistice.

A

Hundred Days Offensive

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25
Q

Treaty of Versailles

A

June 28, 1919: Peace treaty formally ended the state of war.

Imposed heavy reparations on Germany, sowed seeds for WWII.

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26
Q

Triple Entente

A

An alliance formed in the early 20th century between France, Russia, and the United Kingdom.

This alliance was part of the complex pre-war European alliance network and aimed to counter the perceived threat of the Triple Alliance.

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27
Q

An alliance formed in the early 20th century between France, Russia, and the United Kingdom.

This alliance was part of the complex pre-war European alliance network and aimed to counter the perceived threat of the Triple Alliance.

A

Triple Entente

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28
Q

Triple Alliance

A

A pre-World War I agreement between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy, formed in 1882 and lasting until Italy’s exit in 1915.

The alliance was intended for mutual defense against aggression by other great powers and played a significant role in the network of alliances leading to WWI.

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29
Q

A pre-World War I agreement between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy, formed in 1882 and lasting until Italy’s exit in 1915.

The alliance was intended for mutual defense against aggression by other great powers and played a significant role in the network of alliances leading to WWI.

A

Triple Alliance

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30
Q

Schlieffen Plan

A

A strategic plan developed by German General Count Alfred von Schlieffen in the early 20th century, aiming for a quick defeat of France through a rapid advance through Belgium and Luxembourg before turning east to face Russia.

The plan was implemented at the onset of WWI but ultimately failed.

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31
Q

A strategic plan developed by German General Count Alfred von Schlieffen in the early 20th century, aiming for a quick defeat of France through a rapid advance through Belgium and Luxembourg before turning east to face Russia.

The plan was implemented at the onset of WWI but ultimately failed.

A

Schlieffen Plan

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32
Q

Trench Warfare

A

A form of warfare characterized by opposing armies fighting from long, dug-out trenches.

This method of combat became emblematic of the Western Front in World War I, where it led to a stalemate and horrendous living conditions, with little territorial gain over long periods.

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33
Q

A form of warfare characterized by opposing armies fighting from long, dug-out trenches.

This method of combat became emblematic of the Western Front in World War I, where it led to a stalemate and horrendous living conditions, with little territorial gain over long periods.

A

Trench Warfare

34
Q

No Man’s Land

A

The term used to describe the barren expanse of land between the opposing trenches on the Western Front.

This area was typically filled with barbed wire, land mines, and the remains of fallen soldiers, making any attempt to cross it extremely perilous.

35
Q

U-Boats

A

German submarines, known as Unterseeboote, which were used with devastating effect against Allied shipping during WWI.

Their unrestricted submarine warfare campaign was a key factor in bringing the United States into the war in 1917.

36
Q

Zimmermann Telegram

A

A secret diplomatic communication sent by the German Foreign Office in January 1917, proposing a military alliance between Germany and Mexico in the event of the United States entering WWI against Germany.

Its interception and publication by the British helped sway American opinion towards war.

37
Q

A secret diplomatic communication sent by the German Foreign Office in January 1917, proposing a military alliance between Germany and Mexico in the event of the United States entering WWI against Germany.

Its interception and publication by the British helped sway American opinion towards war.

A

Zimmermann Telegram

38
Q

Western Front

A

The main theater of war during WWI, extended from the North Sea to the Swiss frontier with France.

It was characterized by a continuous line of trench systems and fortified positions from which the majority of the fighting between the Allies and Central Powers took place.

39
Q

The main theater of war during WWI, extended from the North Sea to the Swiss frontier with France.

It was characterized by a continuous line of trench systems and fortified positions from which the majority of the fighting between the Allies and Central Powers took place.

A

Western Front

40
Q

Eastern Front

A

The theater of conflict between the Central Powers and Eastern Allies (primarily Russia) in Eastern Europe.

The front was marked by more fluid troop movements compared to the Western Front and significant battles that led to high casualties and the eventual Russian withdrawal from the war.

41
Q

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

A

A peace treaty signed on March 3, 1918, between the new Bolshevik government of Russia and the Central Powers which ended Russia’s involvement in WWI.

The treaty ceded vast territories from Russia to the Central Powers.

42
Q

A peace treaty signed on March 3, 1918, between the new Bolshevik government of Russia and the Central Powers which ended Russia’s involvement in WWI.

The treaty ceded vast territories from Russia to the Central Powers.

A

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

43
Q

The theater of conflict between the Central Powers and Eastern Allies (primarily Russia) in Eastern Europe.

The front was marked by more fluid troop movements compared to the Western Front and significant battles that led to high casualties and the eventual Russian withdrawal from the war.

A

Eastern Front

44
Q

Armistice

A

The agreement signed on November 11, 1918, between the Allies and Germany to cease hostilities on the Western Front, effectively ending World War I.

It marked the victory of the Allies and the defeat of Germany, although a formal peace treaty was not signed until the Treaty of Versailles in 1919.

45
Q

League of Nations

A

An international organization established after World War I at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919.

It aimed to maintain peace and promote international cooperation.

Despite its ambitious goals, it struggled to prevent aggression by the Axis powers in the lead-up to World War II.

46
Q

An international organization established after World War I at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919.

It aimed to maintain peace and promote international cooperation.

Despite its ambitious goals, it struggled to prevent aggression by the Axis powers in the lead-up to World War II.

A

League of Nations

47
Q

War Guilt Clause

A

Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles, which assigned full responsibility for initiating World War I to Germany and its allies.

This clause became the basis for demanding reparations from Germany, leading to significant economic hardships and contributing to the rise of the Nazi Party.

48
Q

Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles, which assigned full responsibility for initiating World War I to Germany and its allies.

This clause became the basis for demanding reparations from Germany, leading to significant economic hardships and contributing to the rise of the Nazi Party.

A

War Guilt Clause

49
Q

Wilson’s 14 Points

A

A set of principles for peace outlined by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson in January 1918 to end World War I and prevent future conflicts.

The points advocated for open covenants of peace, freedom of navigation, trade barriers reduction, and the establishment of a League of Nations.

50
Q

July Crisis

A

A series of diplomatic and military escalations among the major powers of Europe in July 1914 following the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria.

This crisis culminated in the outbreak of World War I after a complex web of alliances activated a chain reaction of war declarations.

51
Q

A set of principles for peace outlined by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson in January 1918 to end World War I and prevent future conflicts.

The points advocated for open covenants of peace, freedom of navigation, trade barriers reduction, and the establishment of a League of Nations.

A

Wilson’s 14 Points

52
Q

Kaiser Wilhelm II

A

The last German Emperor and King of Prussia, reigning from 1888 to 1918.

His aggressive foreign policies and leadership contributed to the outbreak of WWI. He abdicated in 1918.

53
Q

The last German Emperor and King of Prussia, reigning from 1888 to 1918.

His aggressive foreign policies and leadership contributed to the outbreak of WWI. He abdicated in 1918.

A

Kaiser Wilhelm II

54
Q

Woodrow Wilson

A

The 28th President of the United States, serving from 1913 to 1921.

Led the US through WWI and advocated for the League of Nations and the principle of self-determination.

55
Q

The 28th President of the United States, serving from 1913 to 1921.

Led the US through WWI and advocated for the League of Nations and the principle of self-determination.

A

Woodrow Wilson

56
Q

Tsar Nicholas II

A

The last Emperor of Russia, reigning from 1894 until his forced abdication in 1917.

His reign saw the Russian Empire’s fall to economic and military collapse.

57
Q

Vladimir Lenin

A

Leader of the Bolshevik Party and a key figure in the Russian Revolution of 1917.

Led the October Revolution, establishing a communist government in Russia.

58
Q

Franz Ferdinand

A

Archduke of Austria and heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne.

His assassination in Sarajevo in 1914 directly triggered the outbreak of WWI.

59
Q

The last Emperor of Russia, reigning from 1894 until his forced abdication in 1917.

His reign saw the Russian Empire’s fall to economic and military collapse.

A

Tsar Nicholas II

60
Q

Leader of the Bolshevik Party and a key figure in the Russian Revolution of 1917.

Led the October Revolution, establishing a communist government in Russia.

A

Vladimir Lenin

61
Q

Archduke of Austria and heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne.

His assassination in Sarajevo in 1914 directly triggered the outbreak of WWI.

A

Franz Ferdinand

62
Q

Gavrilo Princip

A

A Bosnian Serb nationalist associated with the group Young Bosnia.

Assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand, setting off a chain of events leading to WWI.

63
Q

David Lloyd George

A

George British statesman and the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1916 to 1922.

Key role in Allied victory in WWI and a major figure at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919.

64
Q

A Bosnian Serb nationalist associated with the group Young Bosnia.

Assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand, setting off a chain of events leading to WWI.

A

Gavrilo Princip

65
Q

George British statesman and the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1916 to 1922.

Key role in Allied victory in WWI and a major figure at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919.

A

David Lloyd George

66
Q

Georges Clemenceau

A

A French statesman who served as the Prime Minister of France during WWI.

“The Tiger” for his fierce war policy and was one of the principal architects of the Treaty of Versailles.

67
Q

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk

A

The founder and first President of Turkey, serving from 1923 until his death in 1938.

Led the Turkish National Movement in the War of Independence, transforming Turkey into a secular, nationalist country.

68
Q

A French statesman who served as the Prime Minister of France during WWI.

“The Tiger” for his fierce war policy and was one of the principal architects of the Treaty of Versailles.

A

Georges Clemenceau

69
Q

The founder and first President of Turkey, serving from 1923 until his death in 1938.

Led the Turkish National Movement in the War of Independence, transforming Turkey into a secular, nationalist country.

A

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk

70
Q

Vittorio Orlando

A

Italian statesman and Prime Minister of Italy during the latter part of WWI.

Represented Italy at the Paris Peace Conference but was often overshadowed by the major Allies.

71
Q

Italian statesman and Prime Minister of Italy during the latter part of WWI.

Represented Italy at the Paris Peace Conference but was often overshadowed by the major Allies.

A

Vittorio Orlando

72
Q

Nationalism

A

A strong identification with and devotion to one’s nation, often leading to the desire for national independence or superiority.

  1. Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand by a Serbian nationalist.
  2. Rise of Pan-Slavism in Eastern Europe.
  3. German unification efforts pre-WWI.
73
Q

Militarism

A

The belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively.

  1. German and British naval arms race.
  2. Extensive military planning and mobilization like the Schlieffen Plan.
  3. Conscription policies in major European powers.
74
Q

Alliance System

A

Agreements between countries for mutual defense and support, which can escalate conflicts by involving allied nations.

  1. Triple Entente and Triple Alliance formation.
  2. Italy’s switch from the Triple Alliance to the Triple Entente.
  3. Russian defense of Serbia leading to wider conflict.
75
Q

Trench Warfare

A

A form of land warfare using occupied fighting lines consisting largely of military trenches, where troops are significantly protected.

  1. Battle of the Somme.
  2. Battle of Verdun.
  3. The use of trench systems on the Western Front.
76
Q

War of Attrition

A

A military strategy in which a belligerent attempts to win a war by wearing down the enemy to the point of collapse.

  1. Battle of Verdun aiming to “bleed France white.”
  2. Prolonged trench warfare on the Western Front.
  3. Blockades and submarine warfare restricting supplies.
77
Q

Total War

A

Warfare includes any and all civilian-associated resources and infrastructure as legitimate military targets, mobilizing all societal resources.

  1. Conscription of civilians into the military.
  2. Women working in munitions factories and taking on roles traditionally held by men.
  3. Rationing and economic controls on home fronts.
78
Q

Home Front

A

The civilian populace and activities of a nation whose armed forces are engaged in war abroad, contributing to the war effort.

  1. War bonds and financial contributions by civilians.
  2. Propaganda campaigns to boost morale and support.
  3. Volunteer organizations providing aid and support to the military.
79
Q

Arms Race (Technology)

A

Competition between two or more parties to have the best-armed forces, often leads to advancements in military technology.

  1. Development of tanks and armored vehicles.
  2. Use of chemical weapons like mustard gas.
  3. Advancements in aircraft for reconnaissance and combat.
80
Q

Imperialism

A

A policy of extending a country’s power and influence through colonization, use of military force, or other means.

  1. Scramble for Africa by European powers.
  2. Austro-Hungarian annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
  3. British and French colonies providing troops and resources for the war.

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