Xray - Final Exam Questions Flashcards
1
Q
____ periapical images can be used to examine the edentulous arches.
A
Fourteen
2
Q
A size ____ receptor is typically used for edentulous examination.
A
Size 2
3
Q
For periapical examination in an edentulous patient, the receptor should be positioned so that approximately ____ of it extends beyond the edentulous ridge.
A
One third
4
Q
Your patient is edentulous and has very little alveolar ridge remaining. Which teqnique would you use for a periapical examination on your patient?
A
Bisecting
5
Q
The mixed occlusal and periapical examination on an edentulous patient consists of _____ size 4 receptors and ____ size 2 receptors
A
two size 4 receptors; four size 2 receptors
6
Q
The overall degree of blackness or image darkening of a radiographic image is..
A
density
7
Q
is a metal or or plastic, light-tight container that holds a film for extra oral imaging
A
cassette
8
Q
____ is the safety principle that states that radiation exposure should be as low as acheivable
A
ALARA
9
Q
___ is the centre of the xray beam exiting the PID
A
Central Ray
10
Q
the definition of interpret is to…
A
offer an explanation
11
Q
interpretation enables the dental pro to play a vital role in the detection of ____ of the teeth and jaws
A
lesions, diseases and caries
12
Q
post and core restorations can be seen in ____ treated teeth.
A
Endodontically
13
Q
Radiographs permit the evaluation of ____ in the detection of periodontal disease
A
Bone
14
Q
A bitewing radiograph is most useful for detection of _____ caries
A
interproximal
15
Q
in the dental setting, interpretation referes to an explanation of what is viewed on a radiograph - true or false?
A
True
16
Q
According to the text, ideally, dental radiographs should be reviewed and interpreted immediately after moutning
A
in the presence of the patient
17
Q
Amalgam overhangs can be described as extensions of amalgam seen on dental radiographs beyond the crown portion on the
A
interproximal
18
Q
calculus ______ on a dental radiograph
A
appears radiopaque
19
Q
a carious lesion appears ____ on a dental radiograph
A
radiolucent
20
Q
to interpret films, the dental radiographer must be confident in the identifcation and recognition of…
A
normal anatomy…. (finish)
21
Q
How can you tell if its amalgam?
A
really bright white with irregular borders
22
Q
difference between fixer spots/splash vs. developer spots/splash
A
fixer washes away any undeveloped areas - spots will look white
23
Q
Reticulation is caused by…
A
a sudden change in temperature
24
Q
Xrays are…
A
wavelengths of energy
25
are dental xrays bad for you?
not with the exposure that is required
no, they are essential for a complete check up
we used to think that they were, but not anymore
26
where are the dental xrays produced?
Tube head
27
Should dental xrays be taken during pregnancy?
Only if it's an emergency
28
xrays were discovered in the year...
1895
29
xrays that bounce off of bones and teeth
scatter
30
If the patient has no clinical signs of disease and no history of dental disease.. you should still take xrays - true or false?
False
31
An advantage of digital xrays is that they..
require less radiation
32
Xrays are apart of what benefit?
diagnostic tesing
33
Conventional xrays are developed with clean hands - true or false?
True
34
An image that is distorted in the vertical plane and makes a long image
elongation
35
Device used for personnel monitoring to measure radiation
dossimeter
36
regulates the high volltage electrical circuit by adjhusting the electrodes. (effects contrast)
kVP
37
Is the difference in densities between various arieas on an xray image
contrast
38
receives readiation directly like film and deposits the image on it
direct digital
39
is a dense area that radiation is hard to penetrate resulting in a lighter image
radiopaque
40
xrays that have been diverted and scattered back
scatter radiation
41
what measure of image brightness or intesity in a range
grey scale
42
as a DA, you are exposed to what type of radiation?
occupational exposure
43
the less dense areas are easily penetrated on an xray appear?
radiolucent
44
what regulates the low voltage supply, influences the quantity of xray image and density
MA
45
what image is produced prior to processing?
latent image
46
What receptor receives the xray and stores the enegery until released via the scanning process?
indirect digital
47
what is the silver bromide crystal solution that coats the film, and produces an image?
emulsion
48
the ____ the distances between two wavelengths the greater the energy and penetration
shorter
49
the ____ the distances between two wavelengths the lower the energy and penetration
longer
50
all atoms have a ____ or central core composed of protons
nucleous
51
an ___ is defined as a charged particle, with either a + or - charge
ion
52
density is the degree of ___ of an image
darkness
53
what scale is used to describe the contrast of dental images
grey
54
what is embeded in the copper anode and serves as a positive terminal during xray production
tungsten target
55
the vaccum xray tube is surrounded by...
oil
56
the transformer is the electrical device used to raise or lower electrical
voltage
57
what xrays are first produced by the unit, and are emitted from the tungsten target
primary
58
what radiation is not useful when taking xrays?
secondary
59
cells consit of only the egg and sperm cells and are involved only in the reproductiion system
genetic
60
what is a primary responsibilty of a DA when taking radiographs
plan dental radiographs and decrease need for retakes
61
what limits the size of the primary beam?
collimation
62
a lead thyroid collar can be used for which of the following exposures?
BW, Occlusal, PAs
63
What is the maximum radiation exposure for radiographers per year ____ rems or 50 msv
5
64
if using conventional film, they should be transported to the developer in a _____ container
disposable
65
exposure time should be ____ approximately one-quarter for children due to bone density
reduced
66
a size __ film or receptor is sometimes called the universal size
2
67
images may be used to demonstrate presence of interproximal caries
bitewings
68
this image may be used for a part of the survey following trauma to the jaw..
panoramic
69
when using the ____ the image receptor and the tooth are not parallel to eachother
bisecting
70
when using _____ the image receptor and the tooth are positoned as parallel as possible
paralleling technique
71
refers to moving the tube had so that the PID points up or down
vertical angulation
72
the position of the PID should be _____ to the receptor
horizontal
73
an object that tends to absorb most xrays used
radiolucent
74
an object or tissue that allwos most xrays to pass through it will be?
radiolucent
75
what can permit an overall lower exposure time?
intensifying screen / or film speed
76
this processing technique is accomplished by using specific temperature and time control techniques
manual
77
themometers containing _____ should never be used in the processing tanks
mercury
78
safelights should be how far from the counter in a dark room...
4 feet
79
an advantage of ___ imagingn is less radiation to the patient
digital
80
which of the following does not apply to dental images
help to determine the patients gender
81
Reggie says that he read in a popular magazine that dentists take “too many x-rays,” and when he questions if dental images are even necessary, you tell him that:
they are a necessary component of comprehensive patient care. Images enable the dental professional to identify many conditions that may otherwise go undetected; they allow the practitioner to see many conditions that are not apparent clinically. The dental professional gains a great deal of information about the teeth and supporting bone with the use of dental images.
82
Reggie says that he knows dental images can be used to locate cavities, but he wants to know if any other things may be found. You tell him that _________ also may be detected on dental images.
peridontal disease, cysts and tumors
Some of the more common diseases, lesions, and conditions found on dental images include missing teeth, extra teeth, impacted teeth, dental caries, periodontal disease, tooth abnormalities, retained roots, and cysts and tumors.
83
Reggie comments that 18 images seems like a lot and wonders what you plan on doing for him to ensure minimal exposure to radiation. You tell him that patient protection techniques during exposure include:
the use of a thyroid collar, lead apron, fast film, and beam alignment devices.
During exposure, a thyroid collar, lead apron, fast film, and beam alignment devices can be used to protect the patient from excess exposure to radiation. In addition, proper selection of exposure factors and good technique also can help protect the patient.
84
Reggie asks why you leave the room when exposing the image, and you tell him that the dental radiographer:
must always avoid the primary beam.
To avoid occupational exposure to x-radiation, the dental radiographer must always avoid the primary beam and maintain an adequate distance, proper position, and proper shielding from x-rays during exposure.
85
You tell Reggie that your goal is to work _______ when positioning and exposing dental x-ray image receptors.
carefully but quickly
86
Reggie asks if you are studying to be a dentist and wonders what you have to know in order to take his dental films. You inform him that, no, you are not studying to be a dentist, and as a radiographer you have to have knowledge in many areas: radiation history, radiation physics, radiation characteristics, radiation biology, and __________.
radiation protection
87
Reggie is intrigued by your role in patient care and wonders what duties and responsibilities are assigned to you. You tell him you are responsible for
taking dental images.
mounting the dental images.
educating patients about dental radiography.
You are not responsible for identifying dental disease on dental images.
88
The primary concern in radiation exposure is for
The patient, operator and staff are all of primary concern when it comes to radiation safety
89
Reggie asks, “Cost considerations have to be one of the primary goals as a dental radiographer, right?” You respond
“My concerns include the production of a quality image, protection from unnecessary radiation, but not cost.”
90
Monica asks you what to say if a patient complains that the film or sensor is cutting the mouth, and you tell her:
to be honest and inform the patient of the potential discomfort.
Honesty is an important part of a professional attitude. Some procedures are uncomfortable in dental radiography, and the dental auxiliary must be honest and inform the patient of the potential discomfort.
91
Mr. Nassar says that he is potentially receptive to having a complete series of images taken but would like to ask several questions first. As an auxiliary, you can answer many questions, but tell him that questions about the __________ must be answered by the dentist.
diagnosis
92
Mr. Nassar laughs and says, “If the x-rays aren’t dangerous, then why do you leave the room when x-rays are used?” You smile and tell him that:
the effect of radiation exposure is cumulative and following appropriate protection for both us is following good radiation safety.
93
He then turns serious and tells you that his mother died last year of cancer, and that she had “a lot of x-rays.” Mr. Nassar asks, “How many patients have gotten cancer from dental x-rays”? You tell him:
0 = Not a single case of a patient’s developing cancer from diagnostic x-ray imaging has been recorded. The radiation exposure that occurs during a dental x-ray examination is very small, and the chance that it will contribute to or cause cancer is extremely low. When cancer occurs, it is much more likely to be unrelated to radiation exposure.
94
As part of the education process with Mr. Nassar, you would show him
dental images of normal and abnormal conditions
a prepared presentation
images of his own mouth
95
Mr. Nassar inquires, “What x-rays will I have to have when I come back for my six-month checkup?” You tell him:
“We will make that determination when we see you at that time. There is not set rule.”
The frequency of your dental imaging examination is based on your individual needs. No set interval exists between x-ray examinations.
96
As part of the education plan for Mr. Nassar, you mention digital imaging as an option, particularly for his mother because digital imaging reduces radiation by ____%
50-90%
97
Mr. Nassar, fully consenting to a complete series of dental images, and more able to make an informed decision about oral care choices, asks one final question: “These x-rays are mine, right? Can I take them with me if I move and have to change dentists?”
You have reasonable access to your records, but they are the property of the dentist.
98
Tamara inquires, “How does the office knows that the equipment is functioning properly?” You tell her that:
most states have laws that require inspection of dental x-ray equipment on a regular basis.
99
Tamara then says, “What do you do if the patient wants to take the images to the new dentist after moving to another area or state?” You respond that:
the original images should not be forwarded; duplicate images can be made and forwarded or digital images may be electronically sent to the patient’s new dentist.
100
After explaining the benefits and risks associated with dental radiographs, Tamara understands the need and agrees to have them taken. She has given you her
informed consent
101
Tamara asks who is legally accountable when a dental auxiliary takes radiographs. You answer that the legal accountability lies with
the assistant & the dentist
102
After taking and developing Tamara’s dental images, you note several areas cone-cut and that the series appears to be lacking in density. To take them over would require much discussion; however, you are concerned if you do not do retakes, she could sue the practice for:
negligence
103
Tamara wants to know what you are recording in her treatment record about today’s visit. You tell her you will document
her consent
the number and type of images exposed, including retakes
the rationale for the imaging
the imaging report
104
You tell Tomas that he should ____________ only after he has put on his gloves.
prepare the beam alignment devices
105
Tomas proceeds to do an excellent job of film placement and exposure of dental images for Emily. After the last image is obtained, Tomas has a moment of hesitation because he isn’t certain if there are any tasks he should complete after removal of his gloves. You tell him that after removing his gloves, he should:
remove the lead apron from the patient
106
Next, Tomas proceeds to the darkroom, where there is an automatic film processor with a daylight loader. Indicate the proper sequence for placing film without barrier envelopes into the film feed slot area of the processor by arranging the following steps in the correct order:
1. Place paper cup and vinyl or nonpowdered gloves in daylight loader compartment and place the container with contaminated films next to the cup.
2. Close the daylight loader and push hands through openings.
3. Put on gloves.
4. Take one contaminated film out of the container and open the film packet.
107
a concerned dental assistant approaches you and tells you that the bite-wing and periapical radiographs are coming out of the tabletop processor with a black area about one-quarter inch wide along the length of one of the long edges of the film.
You tell the assistant that this probably represents a processing error, and that if she checks the processor, she is likely to find that the:
level of the fixer is too low.
108
If the level of the fixer is too low, the solution to the problem is...
Check the level of fixer before processing and add solution if necessary.
109
In checking completely processed radiographs against the reference radiograph, the density appears light. The error is likely due to..
cold developer & weak developer
110
In checking completely processed radiographs against the reference radiograph, the density appears dark. The error is likely due to:
developer too warm
111
You instruct the staff that to check the fixer solution, a film should clear in ____ minutes without agitation.
When the fixer solution loses strength, the film takes a longer time to clear or becomes transparent in the unexposed areas. When the fixer is at full strength, a film should clear within 2 minutes, without agitation.
112
Dr. Eastman tells you that the specialist with whom you will work is an excellent practitioner but will be expected to adhere to the criteria for periapical images. This means the images will need ______ the root apices.
to show 2 to 3 mm beyond
113
You tell Dr. Eastman that you are well versed and ready to go to work. You know that a diagnostic periapical image:
shows the entire crowns and roots of the teeth being examined.
114
Dr. Eastman indicates a special need on one of the patients to examine the palatal area on an edentulous patient. The film you select for this procedure is:
an occlusal
115
To create an image without distortion, the ___________ must be parallel to the long axis of the tooth.
image receptor
116
When the paralleling technique is used, the receptor is placed away from the tooth, with the following result:
Image magnification increases.
117
To ensure that only the most parallel rays will be directed at the tooth and receptor, a __-inch target-receptor distance must be used with the paralleling technique.
16 inch
A long (16-inch) target-receptor distance must be used with the paralleling technique. The paralleling technique is sometimes referred to as the long-cone technique; long refers to the length of the cone, or position-indicating device (PID), that is used.
118
A total of _____ anterior placements may be used in the paralleling technique when a size 1 receptor is used.
7
With a size 1 receptor, a total of seven anterior placements are seen: four maxillary exposures and three mandibular exposures.
119
The identification dot should be oriented at the ________ end of the film.
incisal
120
You ask a student to hand you a Rinn XCP Extension Cone Paralleling system bite block for the anterior region. The color bite block and arm ring that is selected and handed to you should be
blue
121
Anterior receptors for the parallel technique are size
In the anterior regions, size 1 receptor is used; this narrow size is needed to permit placement high in the palate without bending or curving. Size 1 is always positioned with the long portion of the receptor in a vertical (upright) direction. Some practitioners prefer to use a size 2 receptor instead.
122
Ms. Javadi observes you as you begin to take a complete series of images with periapical receptors using the paralleling technique. You start in the maxillary anterior. She asks if you have to start in that area. You tell her:
"Starting in the anterior is not as likely to stimulate a gag reflex"
123
You ask Ms. Javadi to provide the correct number of receptors for a maxillary anterior series using the paralleling technique, You are handed 7 number 2 receptors. Is this correct?
b. No. An anterior series with number 2 receptors requires only 6 placements.
With the size 1 receptor, a total of 7 anterior placements may be used in the paralleling technique: 4 maxillary exposures and 3 mandibular exposures. If size 2 receptor is used instead, 6 anterior placements are used: 3 maxillary exposures and 3 mandibular exposures.
124
The patient Ms. Javadi is working on has a low palatal vault, but she tells you that as long as the lack of parallel placement does not exceed 20 degrees, I think the film will be acceptable.” You respond:
You are correct!
125
Nasir Javadi’s next patient has both maxillary and mandibular tori. She wants to confirm with you the correct placement. In the maxilla, the receptor should be on the _______________of the tori, and on the mandibular, the film placement should be ________________.
farside; between the tongue and the tori
126
Order for processing traditional film..
-Developing
-Rinsing
-Fixing
-Washing
-Drying
127
Radiology is..
the science or study of radiation as used in medicine
128
Frequency is..
the number of repititions in a given period of time
129
Roentgenograph is..
an image produced on photosensitive film
130
X-Radiation is..
a beam of energy that the power to penetrate substances & record shadow images on receptors (photographic film or digital sensors)
131
The Anode is..
positive electrode in the xray beam
132
Primary Radiation is..
xrays that come from the target of the xray tube
133
The Cathode is..
Negative electrode in Xray tube
134
Central Ray is..
xray at center of beam
135
Milliamperrage (Mv) is..
a unit of measurement used to describe the intensity of an electrical current
136
A Full mouth series consists of...
8 horizontal PAs (size 2), 7 vertical PAs (size 1), and 4 BW (size 2)
