Deindustrialisation
The decline of a county’s traditional manufacturing industry due to exhaustion of raw materials, loss of markets and competition from NEEs
Globalisation
The process that has created a more connected world which increases in tho movements of goods (trade) and people (migration and tourism) worldwide
Government policy
Laws/policies put forward by the government
Deindustrialisation in the UK
Fewer jobs available in manufacturing and heavy industries such as coal. These industries were once a primary source of employment and income in the UK
Globalisation in the UK
Lost of manufacturing has moved overseas where there’s cheaper labour but HQ remains in UK. Trading with other countries is as important part of UK GDP
Government policies in the UK
Government decisions on investment and new infrastructure affects how the economy grows. Membership in government groups e.g. World Trade Organisation make it easier for UK companies to operate around the world
The impact of deindustrialistation on the north east of England
North East first area to industrialise and first to deindustrialise with the closure of many coal mines in 1993 leaving 1000 unemployed in Easington Colliery. Today still many unemployed and local businesses struggle to survive
How has the government tried to help Easington Colliery
Invested in new infrastructure, encouraged foreign investment from TNCs e.g. Nissan and setting up local enterprise schemes
What are business and science parks
Purpose built areas of houses or buildings usually at edge of cities or near Unis where scientific/ business research takes place
Example of a science parks
Cambridge: a high-tech hub
Advantages of Cambridge: a high-tech hub
Good transport links inc M11
Graduates from the uni provide educated workforce
City offers good quality of life, with plenty of shops and open spaces
Disadvantages of Cambridge: a high-tech hub
City is overcrowded and congested making it difficult to drive or park
House prices are high
Impacts of industry on physical environement
Manufacturing plants are aesthetically polluting
Can cause air and water pollution, degraded soil
Waste products taken to landfill again polluting
Can emit harmful chemicals polluting atmos
Impacts of quarrying industry on the physical environment
Eyesore and destroy habitats
Noise pollution from explosives used to break rocks
Lorries transport rocks, adds to congestion and CO2 emissions
More sustainable industry
Heavy fines imposed when pollution occurs
strict targets put in place on water quality etc.
More environmentally sustainable quarrying
Quarries can be restored to create wildlife lakes for recreation and water supply
Limestone features can be recreated to make landscape look more natural
Regular monitoring of noise, vibration etc
An example of counter-urbanisation
South Cambridgeshire is experiencing rapid pop growth as people are moving out of London to enjoy a different place and a better quality of life
Disadvantages of rural to urban migration
Many are retired meaning ageing population so more health services are needed and schools may need to close down
Also, wealthier newcomers are increasing house prices
What is the north-south divide
An imaginary line geographers use to study variations such as employment, earnings, education and services. North tends to be worse than the south
North of the line
Where most manufacturing was located until deindustrialised
High unemployment levels
Slow population growth as people move south for jobs
Lower house prices as lower demand
South of the line
Less manufacturing so deindustrialisation not much of an issue
Higher employment levels
Higher population growth
Higher house prices
What are local enterprise partnerships
Voluntary partnerships between local authorities and businesses set up in 2011 to lead economic growth and job creation within a local area
What are enterprise zones
An area in which state incentives such as tax concessions are offered to encourage business investment
What is the idea behind the northern powerhouse
Improving connectivity and transport
developing science, skills and innovation
Improving quality of life
Devolution and local growth
How much money has been spent on the northern powerhouse
£3.4 billion on businesses
£70 million on on schools
£13 billion on transport
Is the northern powerhouse the answer to the north south divide
Not necessarily as there are still many deprived areas in the south so there isn’t a clear divide
What is the London gateway
New port complex on the east of the Thames had £1.5 billion invested into it
will attract 17 million customers
Shows that the divide between the north and south is increasing
Why was the London gateway put in place
Biggest economy in Europe so wants to stay ahead of rivals
What is a hub
Centre for economic activity, transport etc. that attracts people into London
Could bring investment in and improves development
Road improvements in the UK
100 new road schemes
1300 miles of lanes added to motorways and extra lanes added
Develop smart motorways to keep traffic moving
HS2 (high speed railway)
Will go from London to Birmingham and Manchester to Leeds
Ads of HS2
Take pressure off existing roads and railways
Reduce journey times
Will generate £40 billion brings economic benefits to northern England brings many jobs
Disads of HS2
Costs £42 billion and difficult to predict profit
People don’t want to travel any faster
Will increase CO2 emissions
Ads of expanding Heathrow airport
Increase no. of flights and boost economy by £200 mil
If it doesn’t expand, London in danger of losing position as a leading world city
Provides more jobs
Disads of expanding Heathrow airport
Costs £18.6 billion
Some think it better expanding Manchester as improve economy in north
Will increase CO2 emissions
Noise pollution will get worse
Developing UK sea ports
Liverpool 2, new container terminal will double the ports capacity, create 000s jobs and reduce road freight
What is the EU
Social, political and economic organisation where countries come together to promote equality etc
Why did the UK join the EU
Because they needed to reduce trade boundaries, boosting economy in 1973
Advantages of UK being part of the EU
Low prices of goods as no custom tax
citizens free to move from country to country
More jobs generated
Workers are protected
Disadvantages of UK being part of the EU
Not all policies are efficient
Overcrowding of major cities
‘Single currency’ is a problem
Costly to be a member cost per head ranges from £300 to £873
What is the commonwealth
52 independent countries (2.4 billion people)
in every continent and supports democracy, development and peace
Key features of commonwealth
60% of the members are under 30 so high workforce
Creates £3 trillion in exports per year
How does the UK benefit from being part of the commonwealth
Increase connections/ trade around the world
Commonwealth games offers regeneration schemes
Trade in the UK
Cheaper transports costs as near to Europe
European countries are among the wealthiest so volume of trade is greater
But USA and China are also main trading partners for the UK
Culture in the UK
UK becoming more culturally diverse e.g. festivals like Diwali and Eid
Communications in the UK
By 2014 almost 3 billion people had access to the internet, 90% people in UK use it
2.1 emails send per second and predicted to increase
Transport in the UK
Heathrow is the largest UK airport and has links to the rest of the world