Zootoxins

Question 1

What toads have toxins?

Answer 1

Cane or Marine toad

Colorado River Toad

Question 2

Where do you find Cane or Marine Toad?

Answer 2

Florida
South Texas
Hawaii
Puerto Rico

Question 3

Where do you find the Colorado River Toad?

Answer 3

Southwestern United States from Arizona to California

Question 4

What are the toxins associated with toads?

Answer 4

Catecholamines
Bufotenine
Bufagenins
Bufotoxins
Indole alkylamines

Question 5

What are the properties of toad toxins?

Answer 5

Bufotenine is a schedule I substance because it has hallucinogenic effect
Bufagenins and bufotoxins are cardioactive steroids
Indole alkylamines are similar to Hallucinogen LSD

Question 6

Bufotenine

Answer 6

a schedule I substance because it has hallucinogenic effect

Question 7

Bufagenins and Bufotoxins

Answer 7

cardioactive steroids

Question 8

Indole alkylamines

Answer 8

similar to Hallucinogen LSD

Question 9

What is the season for toad toxicity?

Answer 9

Summer

Question 10

What is the time for toad toxicity?

Answer 10

Evening

Question 11

What are the toxicokinetics of toad toxicosis?

Answer 11

toxins are absorbed from the mucous membranes of the mouth, gastric mucosa, conjunctiva, and open skin wound
Distributed all over the body
Catecholamines are metabolized by MAO and COMT enymes and undergo neuronal reuptake
Bufogenins are eliminated in urine

Question 12

What is the mechanism of toxicity of toad toxicosis?

Answer 12

Direct irritation of the mucous membranes

Main organs: Heart, blood vessels, and CNS

Question 13

What is the mechanism of toxicity for Bufogenins and Bufotoxins?

Answer 13

digitalis-like effect by inhibiting Na/K ATPase

Question 14

What is the mechanism of toxicity for Indole alkylamines?

Answer 14

Hallucinogenic effect similar to LSD

Question 15

What is the mechanism of toxicity for Bufotenine?

Answer 15

vasoconstrictor effect and a hallucinogenic effect

Question 16

What are the clinical signs of toad toxicosis?

Answer 16

irritation of oral mucous membranes
hypersalivation
brick red mucous membranes
vocalization
vomiting
Neurologic signs: disorientation, ataxia, circling, seizures, opisthotonus, hyperthermia, and coma
Cardiovascular signs: tachypnea, tachycardia, cardiac arrhythmias, bradycardia, collapse

Question 17

What are the laboratory findings associated with toad toxicosis?

Answer 17

Digoxin levels are elevated
Moderate increases in hemoglobin content, PCV, blood, glucose, BUN, alkaline phosphatase, serum potassium, calcium and phosphorus

Question 18

What is the treatment for toad toxicosis?

Answer 18

Flushing the mouth with running water
Activated charcoal
Diazepam for controlling seizures
Atropine for bradycardia
Lidocaine and procainamide used for ventricular arrhythmias
Digoxin immune Fab used to bind bufagenins and bufotoxins
supportive care

Question 19

What is the prognosis for toad toxicosis?

Answer 19

Good for treated animals

Question 20

What are the poisonous snakes of North America?

Answer 20

Pit vipers: Rattlesnakes, Copperheads, and Cottonmouths

Coral Snakes

Question 21

What are the general characteristics of Pit Vipers?

Answer 21

Head is broad and triangular
Pupils are vertical prominent elliptical slits
retractable fangs in the upper jaw

Question 22

Venoms

Answer 22

combination of enzymatic and nonenzymatic proteins and amino acids

Question 23

Killing Fraction

Answer 23

Nonenzymatic proteins and peptides

Question 24

What are most pit viper bites due to?

Answer 24

Copperheads

Question 25

What are the most toxic snake bites?

Answer 25

Rattlesnakes

Question 26

What is the mechanism of action for Pit Viper bites?

Answer 26

Hyaluronidase causes the venom to spread Phopholipase A disrupts cell membrane, uncouples phosphorylation and releases vasoactive amines Enzymatic and nnezymatic proteins have hemotoxic, cardiotoxic, and neurotoxic

Question 27

What is the primary effect of Pit Viper bites?

Answer 27

Hypercoagulation

Question 28

What are the clinical signs of Pit Viper bites?

Answer 28

Local tissue reactions: puncture wounds, fang marks, bleeding, edema, swelling, ecchymosis, petechiation, necrosis

Question 29

What are the laboratory findings associated with Pit Viper bites?

Answer 29

Detection of toxins Hematologic changes: echinocytosis, hemolysis, hemoconcentration, increased or decreased coagulation time and may be DIC Clinical chemistry changes: hypokalemia, hyperkalemia, liver, and renal failure

Question 30

What is the treatment for Pit Viper bites?

Answer 30

``` Polyvalent crotalid antivenin Diphenhydramine IV or SC Fluid therapy Blood or Blood transfusion Antibiotics First Aid ```

Question 31

Where do you find the Sonoran coral snake?

Answer 31

Central and Sourtheastern Arizona and Southwest New Mexico

Question 32

Where do you find the eastern coral snake?

Answer 32

``` Eastern NC Central Florida Alabama Mississippi Louisiana the Mississippi River ```

Question 33

Where do you find the Texas Coral Snake?

Answer 33

Eastern and South central Texas Southeastern Arkansas Louisiana

Question 34

Where do you find the South Florida coral snake?

Answer 34

Southern Florida

Question 35

Micrurus coral snakes

Answer 35

Black head and alternating bands of black, yellow, and red small head which is not triangular with rounded pupils short fixed fangs diurnal

Question 36

What is the toxicity of the coral snake?

Answer 36

60% of bites are nonenvenomating

Question 37

What is the mechanism of action for coral snake bites?

Answer 37

Tissue destruction is caused by hyaluronidase, proteinase, ribonuclease, desoxyribonuclease, phospholipase The primary effect is Neurotoxic Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blockade, CNS depression, muscle paralysis, and vasomotor instability Hemolysis with sever anemia and hemoglobinuria

Question 38

What are the clinical signs of coral snake bites?

Answer 38

``` CNS depression quadriplegia with decreased spinal reflexes respiratory paralysis hypotension ventricular tachycardia intravascular hemolysis anemia hemoglobinuria vomit salivation ```

Question 39

What is the lesion associated with Coral snake bites?

Answer 39

Puncture wounds tissue reactions

Question 40

What are the laboratory findings associated with coral snake bites?

Answer 40

Elevation of fibrinogen and creatine kinase | Anemia hemoglobinuria

Question 41

What is the treatment for coral snake bites?

Answer 41

Specific Micrurus fulvius antivenin | Life support and symptomatic treatment