ZOTC 112

Question 1

Genes for framework

Answer 1

Structural genes

Question 2

Genes for activation and deactivation

Answer 2

Regulatory genes

Question 3

How many generations must be between two animals for it to be considered outbreeding?

Answer 3

At least 5

Question 4

What traits are important for animals bred for growth?

Answer 4

Gut capacity
Metabolic rate
Appetite

Question 5

What traits are important for animals bred for milk?

Answer 5

Mammary gland development
Blood supply
Appetite
Cow size

Question 6

Basic formula for population genetics

Answer 6

P = G + E

Question 7

Rules for Maximizing Genetic Improvement

Answer 7

Maximize variety
Ensure heritibility of traits
Accurately measure traits
Efficient use of animal

Question 8

Differentiate premiparous from multiparous

Answer 8

P = first birth

Question 9

Desired traits of an animal

Answer 9

Health
Quality product
Prolificness
Longevity

Question 10

What are measures of prolificness?

Answer 10

Regular heat periods
Enough ova
Conception on 1st service
Concentrated sperm

Question 11

What are the three data to be recorded?

Answer 11

Birth weight
Litter size
Birth date

Question 12

ID methods

Answer 12

Tattoo
Freeze branding
Ear notch
Ear tag
Leg band
Brand
Paint

Question 13

What causes variation among offspring?

Answer 13

Mutation
New gene combination from previous genes
Environment

Question 14

What are the economically important factors of controlled breeding?

Answer 14

Low birth weight
Growth rate
Mothering ability
Feed efficiency
Carcass traits

Question 15

What is outcrossing?

Answer 15

2 unrelated purebreeds

Question 16

What is purbreeding?

Answer 16

Registered animals

Question 17

What is crossbreeding?

Answer 17

Same species, different breed

Question 18

Why crossbreed?

Answer 18

Cross complimentation

Question 19

What is grading up?

Answer 19

Male purebred + Female unregistered/crossbred

Question 20

What do you call it when the crossbreed is an average of the parents?

Answer 20

Hybrid Vigor / Heterosis

Question 21

What is the advantage of heterosis

Answer 21

15-25% yield increase

Question 22

What were believed to cause genetic similarities and differences?

Answer 22

Supernatural beings
Maternal impression
Environment
Blood blending

Question 23

Important person in 1865

Answer 23

Gregor Mendel - basics of heredity

Question 24

Important people in 1901

Answer 24

de Vries, Correns, von Tschermark - modern heredity

Question 25

Important person in 1906

Answer 25

Bateson - mendelian genetics in chickens

Question 26

Important person in 1909

Answer 26

Johannes - "Gene"

Question 27

Important people in 1956

Answer 27

James Watson & Francis Crick - DNA structure and function

Question 28

What is a gene?

Answer 28

DNA segment that determines the nucleotide sequence of mRNA for biological function

Question 29

What are the functions of a gene?

Answer 29

Store and transmit genetic information Undergo mutations Replicate consistently and accurately

Question 30

What is selection?

Answer 30

Change in the frequency of alleles dependent on identifying and using the desirable qualities

Question 31

What are the two types of selection?

Answer 31

Natural and Artificial

Question 32

Define natural selection and its tools

Answer 32

``` Mother nature - Rules of the jungle Thirst, hunger death Disease and injury Male fights Mutations hoping for abortion Predators ```

Question 33

Define artificial selection and its tools

Answer 33

``` Animal breeders - Economic laws Breed specialization Fence/Barn house Genetic material import and export Artificial insemination Embryo transfer ```

Question 34

What are the factor of environment?

Answer 34

``` Terrain Climate Exposure to disease and parasites Producer Feed quantity and quality ```

Question 35

Name the tools of selection

Answer 35

``` Embryo transfer Embryo splitting Frozen semen X Y sorted semen Artificial insemination Transgenics Genomic selection Adult cloning ```

Question 36

Give the more accurate formula for population

Answer 36

P = G + E + (GE)

Question 37

Disadvantages of breeding exploitation

Answer 37

``` Decreased superiority and usefulness Mutations Poor breeding Emergence of unwanted traits Difficulty in identify carriers Inferior inheritance ```

Question 38

Explain SDS

Answer 38

Sudden Death Syndrome / Flip Over Syndrome | Developed digestive system but not cardiovascular

Question 39

Explain PSS

Answer 39

Porcine Stress Syndrome | Sudden death due to intense exercise, stress, anesthesia with halothane

Question 40

How are chromosomes classified?

Answer 40

Centromere location

Question 41

Give the classifications of chromosomes

Answer 41

Telocentric - end Mesocentric - center Acrocentric - short p arm

Question 42

Give the uses of karyotyping

Answer 42

Gender identification and counting of chromosomes

Question 43

What is the loci?

Answer 43

Location of a gene on a chromosome

Question 44

What are alleles?

Answer 44

Varying genes at the same loci with an effect on the trait

Question 45

Why does the Y chromosome affect gender?

Answer 45

SRY gene

Question 46

What does euploidy mean?

Answer 46

Normal chromosome number

Question 47

What does aneuploidy mean?

Answer 47

Abnormal chromosome number

Question 48

Why does the gender of offspring vary?

Answer 48

Each fertilization is an independent event

Question 49

Why do the overall family members have a relatively equal number per sex?

Answer 49

Punnet square is 50% male and 50% female