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IMAT > מושגים > Flashcards

מושגים Flashcards

1
Q

Atom

A

אטום
the smallest unit

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2
Q

Ion, cation, anion

A

Element with electric charge (that gains or lost e)
Anion - Negative ion
Cation - positive ion
יון, קטיון, אניון

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3
Q

Compound

A

Made of Identical molecules
תרכובת

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4
Q

mixture, homogeneous mixture, heterogeneous mixture

A

תערובת, תערבות הומוגנית, תערובת היטרוגנית
Made of different molecules.
Homo - same composition in each sample of matter
Hetro- different composition in different samples

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5
Q

Atomic number

A

מספר אטומי
the number of p

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6
Q

mass number

A

מספר מסה
the number of p + N

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7
Q

isotops

A

איזוטופים
the same element with different amounts of n (mass number)

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8
Q

sub-particles

A

תת חלקיקים
P,e,n

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9
Q

vibration

A

ויברציה
Kind of movement.
In solid, liquid, gas

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10
Q

rotation

A

רוטציה
Kind of movement.
In liquid, gas

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11
Q

translocation

A

תעתוק
Kind of movement.
In gas

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12
Q

reactants

A

מגיבים

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13
Q

products

A

תוצרים

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14
Q

Open system, closed system, isolated system

A

מערכת פתוחה, סגורה, מבודדת
Open - transition of heat and matter
Closed - transition of heat
Isolated - without transition

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15
Q

state/phase of matter

A

מצבי צבירה
Gas, liquid, solid

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16
Q

Evaporation

A

רתיחה
Boiling
Transition from liquid to gas

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17
Q

Condensation

A

התעבות
Transition from gas to liquid

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18
Q

Deposition

A

ריבוץ
Transition from gas to solid

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19
Q

Sublimation

A

המראה
Transition from solid to gas

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20
Q

Orbital

A

אורביטל
Area around the nucles in which e may be found.
Each contains 2 e maximum

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21
Q

Shells, valance shell, sub-level

A

Energy levels of e. They are located at a different distance from the nucles.
Sub levels - s (1,2,3,4) one orbital, p (2,3,4) 3 orbitals, d (3,4) 5 orbitals, f (4) 7 orbitals.
Valance shell - the last occupied shell.

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22
Q

Aufbau principle

A

e occupy the lowest energy shell available

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23
Q

Pauli principle

A

Each orbital can hold only 2 in opposite spin (up, down)

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24
Q

Hund’s rule

A

חוק האוטובוס
Orbitals with the same energy are each half filled before one of them is completely occupied.

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25
Q

Stable configuration

A

סידור יציב
When the orbitals are full (or half full).
Requires more energy in order to change stable configuration.

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26
Q

Ground state, excited state

A

Normal configuration. Unstable configuration (regular configuration)

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27
Q

Shielding

A

מיסוך
When the inner shells of e prevent the outer Shells e from feeling the full positive charge of the nucles.

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28
Q

Effective nuclear charge

A

The charge felt by the higher Shells (after sheilding)
Zeff = nuclear charge - inner Shells e

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29
Q

groups, periods, blocks

A

טורים, שורות, גושים בטבלה המחזורית

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30
Q

Alloys

A

סגסוגות
A combination of metals with metal or with non metal

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31
Q

Luster

A

ברק

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32
Q

Density

A

צפיפות
The amount of particles per uint area.

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33
Q

Conductor/conductive
conductivity

A

מוליך
מוליכות
(Of heat and electricity)

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34
Q

Britle

A

שברירי
(Usually, non metals are britle)

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35
Q

Metaloids

A

Some properties of metals and some of non metal.
Si, B

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36
Q

Elctronagativity

A

אלקטרונגטיביות
The tendency of an atom to attract e without making an ion
F>O>N

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37
Q

Electron affinity

A

זיקת לאלקטרון
The amount of energy released when an e is added to an atom in its gaseous state (making anion)

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38
Q

Ionization energy

A

אנרגית יינון
The amount of energy required to remove a valance shell e from an atom in its gaseous state (making cation)

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39
Q

Emit(s)

A

פולט

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40
Q

Intramuscular

A

תוך מולקולרי

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41
Q

Intermolecular

A

בין מולקולרי

42
Q

Salt

A

Ionic coumpund

43
Q

Polyatomic ion

A

יון פוליאטומי
Ion made of a molecule NH4+, OH-

44
Q

Lattice

A

שריג (יוני, מתכתי…)

45
Q

Ratio

A

יחס

46
Q

Elemental state

A

When an atom “sees” only atoms of its own kind
(Cations in a metallic lattice)

47
Q

Delocalized e

A

אלקטרונים חופשיים/ ים אלקטרונים
electrons are free to move throughout the structure, and gives rise to properties such as conductivity.

48
Q

The octet rule

A

Atoms link in order to achieve a stable configuration (noble gas)

49
Q

Bond order

A

The number of bonds between the atoms.
Triple, double, single

50
Q

Polar bond
Pure bond
Non polar bond

A

קשר פולרי, טהור, לא פולרי
There is a big difference between the atoms’ elctronagativity (0.4<>2)
There is no difference between the atoms’ elctronagativity (0)
There is a small difference between the atoms’ elctronagativity (0.4>)

51
Q

Dipole moment

A

קטבים זמניים
a creation of partial positive and partial negative charges on opposite atoms
of the bond.

52
Q

coordinate bond

A

electron sharing in which both e come from the same atom

53
Q

Giant covalent,
Allotrops

A

מולקולות ענק.
אלוטרופים.
Substances that are made of the same single element.
Like graphite, Dimond…

54
Q

Temporary dipole

A

קטבים זמניים
Dipole in non polar bonds

55
Q

Permenent dipole

A

קטבים קבועים
Dipole in polar bonds

56
Q

Induced dipole

A

קטבים מושרים/מושפעים
occurs when an ion or another dipole from another molecule causes dipole in another molecule.

57
Q

Donor and accepter (hydrogen bond)

A

the molecule with the hydrogen is the donor, and the other is the acceptor

58
Q

Solubility

A

מסיסות

59
Q

Hydrophobic,
hydrophilic

A

Does not Dissolves in water - הידרופובי
הידרופילי - Dissolves in water

60
Q

Amphiphile

A

Half hydrophobic and half hydrophilic

61
Q

Reduction

A

חיזור
Gaining e

62
Q

Oxidation

A

חמצון
Losing e

63
Q

Oxidant/ oxidizing agent

A

מחמצן

64
Q

Reduction agent

A

מחזר

65
Q

Reduction potential

A

The tendency to be reduced

66
Q

Oxide

A

Compound of oxygen and another element

67
Q

Oxidation state

A

Hypothetical charge that describes the degree of oxidation (loss of electrons) of an atom in a chemical compound

68
Q

Radicals

A

רדיקלים
Chemical substances that have unpaired e

69
Q

Antioxidants

A

נוגדי חמצון
They are giving electrons to free radicals without turning into free radicals themselves.

70
Q

Precipitate

A

משקע

71
Q

Ideal gases

A

גזים אידאלים
gases which follow the gas laws are known
as Ideal gases:
point molecules or atoms
Do not lose energy when collides,
with one another.

72
Q

Boyle’s law

A

P{ 1/V
The proportion between pressure and volume

73
Q

Charles law

A

T{ V
The proportion between temperature and volume

74
Q

Gay lussac law

A

P{ t
The proportion between pressure and temperature

75
Q

Avogadro’s law

A

V{ n
The proportion between moles and volume

76
Q

Ideal gases law

A

Pv=nRt

77
Q

Reaction rate

A

קצב תגובה
the speed at which a chemical reaction takes place, defined as proportional to the increase in the concentration of a product per unit time and to the decrease in the concentration of a reactant per unit time.

78
Q

Initial rate

A

The rate at t=0

79
Q

Collision

A

התנגשות

80
Q

Successful collision

A

states that when suitable particles of the reactant hit each other with the correct orientation (energy, geometry)

81
Q

Transition state

A

transition state is a very short-lived configuration of atoms at a local energy maximum in a reaction-energy diagram (aka reaction coordinate).
Very unstable

82
Q

Activation energy

A

the minimum amount of energy that must be available to reactants for a chemical reaction to occur.

83
Q

Catalyst

A

allows the reaction to occur by an alternative mechanism, which is much faster.

84
Q

Elementary step

A

one step in a series of simple reactions that show the progress of a reaction

85
Q

Intermediate

A

It is formed as the reaction product of an elementary step, but is consumed in a later step. It does not appear in the chemical equation for the overall reaction.

86
Q

Equilibrium

A

שיווי משקל
state where there is no change in the concentration of the
reaction participants.
Rate forward reaction= Rate reverse reaction

87
Q

Enthalpy

A

אנתלפיה
the measurement of energy in a thermodynamic system. The quantity of enthalpy equals the total content of heat of a system.

88
Q

Exothermic
Endothermic

A

אקסותרמי - releases energy
אנדותרמי - absorbs energy

89
Q

Equilibrium position

A

The ration [P]/[R]

90
Q

Le chatelier’s principle

A

predicting the effect of changes in the equilibrium system.
The system readjust itself in order to offset the impact of the change.

91
Q

Ionic bond

A

Bond based on electrical attraction between anions and cations

92
Q

Metallic bond

A

Between metals.
Attraction between free (delocalized) e and the cations.

93
Q

Covalent bond

A

Between non metals.
Based on e sharing , each atom shares one or more e with other atoms.

94
Q

Salute

A

מומס

95
Q

solvent

A

ממס

96
Q

Volatilty

A

נדיפות

97
Q

empirical formula

A

the simplest ratio of elements composing a chemical compound

98
Q

Mass conservation

A

שימור המסה
Matter is not formed or destroyed

99
Q

Limiting reagent

A

מגביל
When there is not enough of the substance to complete the chemical reaction, some of the (other) reagents remain unchanged.

100
Q

Percentage yield

A

Tells how successful the reaction was by comparing the actual yield to the theoretical yield.

101
Q

Dilution

A

מהילה

IMAT (22 decks)

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