زبان تخصصی

Question 1

Component..

Answer 1

the goal of psychology was to identufy components of consciousness and how those components combined to result in our conscious experiences .
( اجزا و مولفه های تشکیل دهنده . )

Question 2

conduct ..
subject ..

Answer 2

he conducted an experiment . a subject , who recieve a stimulus such as light .
( اجرا کردن . )
( آزمودنی . )

Question 3

Fit into ..
subtle ..
means ..
concrete ..

Answer 3

functionalism focused on how mental activities helped peaple fit into its enviroment .
more subtle meaning in that functionalists were more interested in the operation of the whole mind .
introspection could serve as one means .
examination of concrete products of the mental activities .
( انطباق یافتن . )
( ظریف و درونی .)
( ابزار .)
( محسوس .)

Question 4

primarily ..
disturbance ..
apparant ..
repository ..
innocent slips of the tongue..

Answer 4

primarily of woman with a wide variety of symptoms .
emotional disturbance and physical symptoms .
none of them ham an apparant cause .
unconscious mind was a repository of feelings and urges .
(‌در ابتدا . )
( آشفتگی . )
( آشکار . )
( مخزن . )
( لغزش زبانی )

Question 5

lifespan ..
controversial ..
criticism ..
taking into account ..

Answer 5

when you strudy lifespan development , personality , …
many other freud’s ideas are controversial .
he argues that many of the criticism of freud’s ideas are misunderstood .
they attack his older ideas without taking into account later writings .
( مراحل زندگی . )
( بحث بر انگیز . )
( انتقدات . )
( در نظر گرفتن . )

Question 6

critics ..
represantation ..
identifies subsequent ..

Answer 6

critics fail to consider the succes of the broad ideas .
the effects of mental represantation of ourselves and other in guiding our interactions.
he identifies subsequent researches support for all of these ideas .
( منتقد .)
( بازنمایی .. )
( تشخیص دادن بعدی . )

Question 7

associated with ..
salivation ..
elicit ..

Answer 7

subject was conditioned to produce the same response to the different stimulus that the experimner associated with the original stimulus .
the salivation reflex coud be elicited using a second stimulus ,
( همراه یا مرتبط با . )
( ترشح بزاق . )
( برانگیخته کردن . )

Question 8

proponent
assumption ..

Answer 8

watson was a major proponent of shifting the focus directly on observable bahavior and try to bring that behavior under control .
they used animals inder this assumption that .
( حامی و طرح کننده .)
( فرض . )

Question 9

modifications ..

Answer 9

behavior modifications
( اصلاح رفتار . )

Question 10

object ..
determinism ..
intentionality ..
predisposition ..
innate ..

Answer 10

they objected the pessimism and determinism of freud.
they emphesize personal contril , intentiality , and a tru predisposition of good as important for our self concept .
good is innate to all humans .
( اعتراض کردن . )
(‌ جبر گرایی . )
( تعمد . )
( زمینه . )
( ذاتی و فطری . )

Question 11

proposing ..
hierarchy ..
asserted ..
self-actualization ..
evident ..

Answer 11

he is known for proposing a hierarchy of human needs .
he asserted that so long as basic neccesary needs for survival ..
the highest level nedds relate to selt-actualization .
positive aspect of human nature that are charecteristic of the humanistic perspective is evident .
( ارائه .)
( هرم . )
( ادعا کرد . )
( خود شکوفایی . )
( واضح و آشکار .)

Question 12

inquiry ..

Answer 12

these areas revived interest in the mind as a focus of scientific inquiry .
( تحقیقات . )

Question 13

reincorporate ..
contribution .
electic ..

Answer 13

chomsky believed that behaviorism is short-sighted and that the field had to reincorporate mental functioning into its investigation if it were to offer any meaningful contributions to inderstanding behavior .
(دوباره لحاظ کردن . )
( سهم و کمک .)
( التقاطی .)

Question 14

enduring ..
detrimental ..
associative learning ..

Answer 14

learning is ofted defined as a relatively enduring change in behavior that is the result of experience .
peaple cand learn things that are detrimental to their overal health and well-being ,
classical conditioning , operant conditioning are forms of associative learning .
( پایدار . )
( مضر . )
( یادگیری ارتباطی . )

Question 15

discrimination ..
determining ..
investigate ..
averise ..
subtracted ..

Answer 15

in stimulus discrimination , one stimulus triggers the conditional response but another similar stimulus does not .
the consequences of your actions can also play a role in determining how and what you learn .
thorendike investigate the learning of active behaviors .
averise stimulus is substracted or removed .
( تمییز و تشخیص .)
( تعیین کردن . )
( بررسی کردن . )
( محرک آزار دهنده . )
( کم کردن . )

Question 16

drawbacks ..
aquisation ..
latent ..
demonstrate ..
instances ..

Answer 16

as a method of controling behavior , punishment has many drawbacks .
skinner box is usually used fot the aqusation of new behaviors by labratory animals .
latent learning .
bandura was able to demonstrate the power of this observational learning .
in some instances . the adult simply ignore the doll .
( نقاط ضعف )
( اکتساب . )
( نهفته .)
( اثبات کردن . )
( موارد . )

Question 17

moral ..
frustration ..
course of developemt ..
heritage ..
sequences ..

Answer 17

social,emotional,moral and cognetive development that occurs throughout life .
untreated developmental problems can lead to frustration ,
how nature and nurture interact to determine the course of development .
an indivitual’s genetic heritage is expressed through the process of maturation .
innately determined sequences of growth or other change in body …
( اخلاقی . )
( سرخوردگی . )
( دوره های رشدی . )
( میراث . )
( توالی . )

Question 18

facilitate ..
tendency ..
assessed ..
procedure..

Answer 18

newborns are bornwith sensory equipment and reflexes that facilitated= their survival and ther social interactions .
an infant’s tendency to seek closeness to particular peaple …
attachment can be assed in a procedure called the strange situation .
( تسهیل کردن . )
( تمایل و گرایش . )
( ارزیابی . )
( فرآیند . )

Question 19

ambivilant ..
contradictory ..
temperament ..

Answer 19

ambivilant infants showresistance to a caretaker returning from an absence .
disorgonazided infants show contradictory behaviors ( avoident or approaching )
the baby’s temperament also plays a role .
( دو سو گرا . )
( متناقض )
( خلق و خو یا سرشت . )

Question 20

sex-typing ..
conservation ..
convention ..

Answer 20

concrete operational stage ( when consevation concept develop .)
preconcentional moraluty stage ,
( نقش آموزی جنسی . )
( نگهداری . )
( قرارداد .)

Question 21

turmoil ..
puberty ..
spurt ..
menarche ..

Answer 21

most adolescents pass this phase without major turmoil .
puberty involves the development of promary and secendary sex characteristic .
the adolescent growth spurt
for females the spurt is menarche .
(دشواری یا آشفتگی . )
( بلوغ .)
(جهش .)
( جرخه قائدگی . )

Question 22

marital satisfaction ..
diverse ..
steep ..
optimal ..
ego integrity ..
despair ..

Answer 22

marital satisfaction tends to decline ..
family structure have become increasingly diverse in usa ..
late adulthood does not neccesary involve a steep decline in physical and mental performance ..
erikson identified that ego integrity versus despair as the key psychological conflict of old ages ..
( رضایت زناشویی .)
( تنوع .)
( شدید .)
( بهینه .)
( یک پارچگی نفس . )
( نا امیدی . )

Question 23

impending..
lifespan ..

Answer 23

indivituals respond in diverse ways to impending death .
death can occur at any lifespan point .
( قریب الوقوع. )
( چرخه های زندگی .)

Question 24

constitude ..
encompasses ..
aptitudes ..
substantial ..

Answer 24

what exactly constitude intelligence ?
intelligence encompasses a range of aptitudes , skill and talents .
despite the substantial interest in the subject there is still considerable disagreement about ..
( تشکیل دادن . )
( شامل بودن .)
( توانایی و استعداد .)
( اساسی و قابل توجه . )

Question 25

quotient ..
coined ..
possess ..

Answer 25

the intelligence quotient or IQ.
term was firstly coined by ..
chilfren abilities of a certain age possess .
(بهره .)
(ابداع شدن .)
( دارا بودن .)

Question 26

depiction ..
heredity ..
assortment ..
inherited ..

Answer 26

IQ test are not a full and accurate depiction of peaple’s ability .
the IQ is the result of a complex interaction between heridity and enviroment .
is intelligence a songle ability or does it involve an assortment of multiple skills?
is intelligence inherited , or does the enviroment play a large role ?
( ترسیم . )
( وراثت .)
(مجموعه و دسته .)
( ارثی و وراثتی .)

Question 27

supersedes ..
competence ..

Answer 27

in these caltures , the importance of the group supersedes the importance of the indivitual achievements.
sometimes refered to as cultural competence .
( جانشین شدن . )
( شایستگی . )

Question 28

retain ..
ceased ..
iconic memory ..
echoic memory ..
heptic memory ..
extensively ..
auditory ..
tactile ..

Answer 28

sensory memory allows indivituals to retain impression of …
the original stimulus has ceased .
iconic memory , a visual sensory store .
two other types of sensory memory have been extensively studied .
echoic memory , the auditory sensory store .
heptic memory . the tactile sensory store .
( حفظ کردن . )
( متوقف شدن . )
( حافظه نمادین .)
( حافظه پژواکی .)
( حافظه بساوایی .)
( گسترده .)
( شنوایی .)
( لامسه .)

Question 29

rehearsal ..
encompasses ..
declarative ..
explicit ..
semantic memory ..
subdivide ..
episodic memory ..
out of context ..

Answer 29

items can be moved from short term memory to long term memory via processes like rehearsal ..
long term memory encompasses everything .
declarative memory requires conscious recall .
expilict memory can be further subdivided to semantic and episodic memory .
facts taken out of context . such as paris is the capital of france .
(مرور ذهنی .)
( شامل شدن .)
( اخباری .)
( صریح )
( حافظه معنایی .)
( حافظه رویدادی )
( تقسیم شدن . )
( خارج از بافت یا زمینه .)

Question 30

procedural memory ..
implicit memory ..
mood congruence ..

Answer 30

there is also a system for procedural / implicit memory .
examples of encoding specificity principle inclide the context effect and mood congruence .
( حافظه ی رویه ای . )
( حافظه نا آشکار و ضمنی .)
(اثر انبطاق خلق .)

Question 31

hinder ..
inhibit ..
onset ..
intact ..
potentation ..

Answer 31

old memories hinder the ability to make new memory ..
old memories inhabited the ability to remember new info .
before the onset of amnesia
past memories remain intact .
enduring memories are believed to be stored through long term potentatioin .
( مختل ساختن . )
( مسدود کردن .)
( وقوع .)
(دست نخورده .)
(توانمند سازی .)

Question 32

chronically ..
wear and tear ..

Answer 32

however the response can become chronically activated during prolonged periods of stress .
prolonged activation of the stress response causes wear and tear on the body .
( مزمن .)
(فرسودگی .)

Question 33

appraisal ..
equilibrium ..
ailments ..
cirrhosis of the liver ..

Answer 33

the life event approach does not take into account a person’s subjective appraisal of the event ,
internal balance or equilibrium .
distress can cause lung ailments , cirrhosis of the liver , …
( ارزیابی .)
( تعادل .)
( بیماری های مزمن .)
( التهاب شدید .)

Question 34

compulsive ..
vicious circle ..
contagion effect ..

Answer 34

stress can becomes harmfull when peaple engages in the compulsiveuse of substances or behaviors to try to rilieve thier stresses.
the distressed person becomes trapped in the vicious circle .
wemos tend to be more vulnerable to the stress contagion effect .
( اجباری .)
( چرخه معیوب .)
( اثر سرایت پذیری .)

Question 35

coping ..
interpretations ..
maladaptive ..
collectivistic ..
emphesize ..
intervention ..

Answer 35

coping refers the way in which peaple try to change either their circumstances ot their interpretations of the circumastances .
in order to make them more favorable and less threatening , it may be either maladaptive or adaptive .
peaple in collectivistic cultures are more likely to seek social support . and they emphesize emotion-focused coping strategies.
some intervention may be helpful include , therapy …
( مقابله . )
( تفسیر .)
(نا سازگازانه .)
( اجتماع گرا . )
( تاکید کردن .)
( مداخله )

Question 36

coordinate ..
percieve ..
subconsciously ..

Answer 36

controling our actions so that they coordinate with events in the outside world .
events that effect behavior even though we are not aware of percieving them influence is subconsciously .
(هماهنگ کردن .)
( آگاه شدن .)
(نیمه هشیار .)

Question 37

deprivation ..
restoration ..
bizarre ..
outlandish ..
incritically ..

Answer 37

sleep deprivation .
NREM seems particularly important in physical restoration .
bizarre sensation , outlandish details that are uncritically accepted .
( محرومیت .)
( بازیابی و ترمیم کنندگی .)
(نامآنوس .)
( عجیب و غریب .)
(بی چون و چرا .)

Question 38

repressed ..
impose meaning ..
susceptibility ..
profound ..

Answer 38

the expression of repressed needs .
the activated brain combines internally generated sensory signals and imposes meaning of them .
peaple may vary in their susceptibility to hypnosis .
under hypnosis , profound sensory and perceptual chanfes may be experienced .
( سرکوب شده .)
( معنا دادن .)
( قدرت پذیرش .)
( عمیق و ژرف .)

Question 39

induce ..
transcendental ..

Answer 39

induce an altered state of focused attention and awareness .
research on the effects of transcendental meditation suggests that regular meditation enhanced physical and psychological functioning .
(القا .)
( متعالی .)

Question 40

depressants ..
tranquilizers ..
mimicking ..
perceptual distortions ..

Answer 40

the depressants inhibit central nervous system activity .
depressants include .. , tranquilizers .
opiates relieve pain by mimicking the effect of endorphins in the brain .
the psychedelics create perceptual distortions .
( کند کننده . )
( داروهای آرام بخش . )
( تقلید .)
( تحریف ادراکی . )

Question 41

assessment ..
integrates ..
cited ..

Answer 41

concerned with the assenssment and treatment of mental illness .
this field integrates the science of psychology with the treatment of complex human problems .
talk therapy approach that is often cited as the earliest scientific use of clinical psychology .
( ارزیابی . )
( تلفیق کردن .)
( استناد کردن .)

Question 42

devote to ..
free association ..
holistically ..

Answer 42

other clinics devoted to practice of clinical psychology had been established in the us .
psychologist who utilize psychoanalytic therapy may use techniquies such as free association to investigate a client’s underlying motivation .
this perpective looks at the client more holistically and is focus on such things as self-actualization .
( اختصاص دادن .)
( تداعی آزاد .)
( کل نگرانه .)

Question 43

computation ..
ambiguous ..
projective ..

Answer 43

computation of scores that can be compared to a normative group .
often based on ambiguous stimuli .
projective tests allow for open-ended answers .
( محاسبه شده .)
( مبهم .)
( فرافکن .)

Question 44

alleviation ..
interpret ..

Answer 44

the alleviation of mental distress ,
interpret the test .
( تسکین . )
( تفسیر کردن .)

Question 45

distorted ..
integrate ..
tailoring ..
tardive dyskinesia ..

Answer 45

distorted thinking ..
integrate the techniques of more than one form of psychotherapy .
tailoring their approach to the individual client’s needs .
including the development of tardive dyskinesia after long term use .
( تحریف شده . )
( تلفیق . )
( سازگار کردن .)
( حرکت پریشی دیررس .)

Question 46

distinguish ..
prevalence ..
comprehensive ..
approximately ..
disruptive ..

Answer 46

distinguishing normal from abnormal behacior involves consideration of many different factors .
the prevalence of psychological disorders is much higher than had previously been thought .
comprehensive survey .
approximately one in two americans will experience ..
irrational distress is disruptive ..
(تمایز .)
( شیوع )
( جامع .)
( تقریبا .)
( مخل .)

Question 47

intrusive ..
implicated in ..
recur ..
dissociative ..
fragmentation ..

Answer 47

include frequent intrusive memories of the trauma .
biological factors that have been implicated in ocd include serotonin deficiency and brain dysfunction.
depression may occur and become progressively more severe .
dissociative disorder .
fragmentation of self .
( سر زده و مزاحم . )
( درگیر بودن در .)
( عود کردن . )
( تجزیه ای .)
( تکه تکه شدن خود .)

Question 48

amnesia ..
fugue ..
skeptical ..

Answer 48

dissociative amnesia .
dissociative fugue .
some psychologist are skeptical of DID .
( فراموشی تجزیه ای .)
( گریز تجزیه ای .)
( شکاک .)

Question 49

alogia ..
avolition ..
chronic ..

Answer 49

they inclide flat effect , alogia , avolition .
schizophernia may becomes chronic ..
( بی ارادگی . )
( لالی مرضی .)
( مزمن .)