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Ap Lang > #1-100 > Flashcards

#1-100 Flashcards

1
Q

Abstract

A

Existing only in the mind; separated from embodiment

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2
Q

Ad hominem

A

A flawed argument that attacks the person rather than the position they are maintaining

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3
Q

Ad populem

A

A flawed argument that concludes that a claim is true because many or most people believe it (similar to bandwagon appeal)

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4
Q

Allegory

A

An expressive style that uses fictional characters and events to describe some subject by suggestive resemblances; an extended metaphor

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5
Q

Allusion

A

A passing reference or indirect mention

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6
Q

Ambiguity

A

Unclearness by virtue of having more than one meaning; an expression whose meaning cannot be determined from its context

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7
Q

Analogy

A

Drawing a comparison in order to show a similarity in some respect

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8
Q

Anaphora

A

The repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive claims to achieve effect

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9
Q

Anecdote

A

Short account of an incident (especially a biographical one)

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10
Q

Antagonist

A

Someone who offers opposition

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11
Q

Aphorism

A

A terse statement of known authorship which expresses a general truth or moral principle, can be a memorable summation of the author’s point

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12
Q

Apostrophe

A

Figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified object such as liberty or love

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13
Q

Archetype

A

An original model on which something is patterned

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14
Q

Argumentation

A

The action or process of reasoning systematically in support of an idea, action, or theory

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15
Q

Atmosphere

A

The emotional nod created by the entirety of a work established partly by the setting and the author’s style

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16
Q

Attitude

A

The writer’s feelings toward his subject matter, revealed through diction, figurative language, and organization

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17
Q

Begging the question

A

A flawed argument where someone attempts to prove a proposition based on a premise that itself requires proof

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18
Q

Casual relationship

A

When one factor or variable in a specific circumstance has a direct influence on another

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19
Q

Characterization

A

The act of describing distinctive characteristics or essential features; a graphic or vivid verbal description

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20
Q

Claim

A

An assertion of the truth of something, typically one that is disputed or in doubt

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21
Q

Cliché

A

A phrase or opinion that is overused and displays a lack of original thought

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22
Q

Climax

A

The decisive moment in a novel or play, the turning point in a story or piece of literary work

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23
Q

Coherence

A

The quality of being logical and consistent by forming of a unified whole

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24
Q

Colloquialism

A

The use of slang or informalities in speech or writing, not generally accepted for formal writing

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25
Q

Comparison/contrast

A

To look at the differences and the similarities between two things

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26
Q

Concrete

A

Capable of being perceived by the senses; not abstract or imaginary

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27
Q

Conflict

A

An open clash between two opposing groups (or individuals)

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28
Q

Conclusion

A

The end or finish of a piece, an event, a process, or a judgement reached through reasoning

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29
Q

Connotation

A

An idea that that is implied or suggested; what you must know in order to determine the references of an expression

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30
Q

Description

A

A spoken or written representation or account of a person, object, or event

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31
Q

Denotation

A

The most direct or specific meaning of a word or expression

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32
Q

Denouement

A

The final resolution of the main complication of a literary or dramatic work; the outcome of a complex sequence of events

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33
Q

Dialect

A

The usage or vocabulary that is characteristic of a specific group of people

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34
Q

Diction

A

The manner in which something is expressed in words; the articulation of speech regarded from the point of view of its intelligibility to the audience

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35
Q

Dramatic irony

A

When the audience knows something that the characters don’t

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36
Q

Emphasis

A

Special importance, value, or prominence given to something or stress laid on a word or words to indicate special meaning or particular importance

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37
Q

Epic

A

A long narrative poem telling of a hero’s deeds

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38
Q

Ethos

A

Rhetorical appeal when the author/speaker uses their beliefs, ideals, or credibility to gain the support of their audience

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39
Q

Euphemism

A

A mild or indirect word or expression substituted for one considered to be too harsh or blunt when referring to something unpleasant or embarrassing

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40
Q

Evidence

A

The available body of facts or information indicating whether a belief of proposition is true or valid

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41
Q

Exposition

A

An account that sets forth the meaning or intent of a writing or discourse

42
Q

Extended metaphor

A

A figure of speech in which an expression is used to refer to something that it does not literally denote in order to suggest a similarity beyond the literal or primary sense

43
Q

Falling action

A

The parts of a story after the climax and before the very end

44
Q

Figurative language

A

(Used of the meanings of words or text) not literal; using figures of speech in writing or discourse

45
Q

Flashback

A

A transition (in literary or theatrical works or films) to an earlier event or scene that interrupts the normal chronological development of the story

46
Q

Foil

A

Enhance by contrast; hinder or prevent (the efforts, plans, or desires) of

47
Q

Foreshadow

A

To hint at upcoming events in a literary piece before they occur

48
Q

Generalization

A

The general statement or concept obtained by inference from specific cases

49
Q

Genres

A

Specific types or forms of writings

50
Q

Hyperbole

A

Extravagant exaggeration

51
Q

Imagery

A

Phrases or expressions evoking a picture or describing a scene, can be literal or figurative

52
Q

Inversion

A

The reversal of the normal order of words in a sentence to achieve some desired effect, usually emphasis

53
Q

Irony

A

Incongruity between what might be expected and what actually occurs a trope that involves incongruity between what is expected and what occurs; witty language used to convey insults or scorn

54
Q

Juxtaposition

A

The act of positioning close together (or side by side); a side-by-side position

55
Q

Logical fallacy

A

Errors in reasoning used by speakers or writers, sometimes to dupe their audiences, most are based off of irrelevant evidence or faulty logic

56
Q

Logos

A

Appealing to logic and reasoning by using relevant, accurate, and sufficient evidence when making an argument

57
Q

Loose sentence

A

Type of sentence where the main idea comes first followed by dependent grammatical units such as phrases and clauses, works with loose sentences are informal

58
Q

Metaphor

A

A figure of speech in which an expression is used to refer to something that it does not literally denote in order to suggest a similarity without using “like” or “as”

59
Q

Metonymy

A

Figure of speech where the name of one object is substituted for that of another closely associated with it, example: “The White House declared” instead of “the President declared”

60
Q

Mood

A

verb inflections that express how the action or state is conceived by the speaker; a characteristic (habitual or relatively temporary) state of feeling

61
Q

Motif

A

a unifying idea that is a recurrent element in a literary or artistic work

62
Q

Narration

A

An account of events as they happen, organizes material on the basis of chronological order or pattern, stresses sequence of events and paces them according to emphasis

63
Q

Onomatopoeia

A

using words that imitate the sound they denote

64
Q

Oxymoron

A

Conjoining contradictory terms (as in ‘deafening silence’)

65
Q

Pacing

A

Speed at which a piece of writing moves along, depends on balance between summarizing and representing action in detail, can be affected by syntax

66
Q

Paradox

A

(logic) a statement that contradicts itself

67
Q

Parallelism

A

Principle of coherent writing requiring that coordinating elements be given the same grammatical form

68
Q

Parody

A

Work that closely imitates the style or content of another with the specific aim of comic effect and/or ridicule. Mimics the original by repeating and borrowing words, phrases or characteristics to illuminate weaknesses

69
Q

Pathos

A

Appeal to emotion and feelings, a legitimate ploy as long as it is not excessively or exclusively used

70
Q

Periodic sentence

A

Sentence that presents its central meaning in a main clause at the end, used to add emphasis and structural variety. See loose sentence

71
Q

Personification

A

Attributing human qualities to nonhuman objects, abstractions, or animals

72
Q

Persuasion

A

communication intended to induce belief or action

73
Q

Plot

A

the story that is told in a novel or play or movie etc

74
Q

Point of view

A

who tells the story or the “voice” that the story is told in

75
Q

Process analysis

A

A type of development in writing that stresses how a sequence of steps produces a certain effect

76
Q

Realism

A

the attribute of accepting the facts of life and favoring practicality and literal truth

77
Q

Red herring

A

Flawed argument that involves introducing a side issue to distract from the main argument, example: questioning dirty clinics in an argument about the ethics of having an aborting

78
Q

Repetition

A

the act of doing or performing again; the repeated use of the same word or word pattern as a rhetorical device

79
Q

Rhetoric

A

study of the technique and rules for using language effectively (especially in public speaking); using language effectively to please or persuade

80
Q

Rhetorical modes

A

The variety, conventions, and purposes of the major kinds of writing. 4 types: exposition, argumentation, description, and narration. AKA modes of discourse

81
Q

Rhetorical question

A

A question posed with no expectation of receiving an answer, used to launch or further discussion

82
Q

Sarcasm

A

Bitter, caustic language that is meant to hurt or ridicule something or someone, may be used as a device of irony, but not all irony is meant to ridicule, should be witty and insightful, not cruel

83
Q

Satire

A

witty language used to convey insults or scorn

84
Q

Setting

A

the context and environment in which something is set; the physical position of something; the state of the environment in which a situation exists

85
Q

Simile

A

a figure of speech that expresses a resemblance between things of different kinds (usually formed with like' or as’)

86
Q

Situational irony

A

incongruity between what was expected to happen and what actually occurs or what is appropriate

87
Q

Slanting

A

Selecting words, facts, or emphasis to achieve a preconceived favorable or unfavorable intent

88
Q

Speaker

A

someone who expresses in language; someone who talks (especially someone who delivers a public speech or someone especially garrulous)

89
Q

Style

A

make consistent with certain rules of style; designate by an identifying term

90
Q

Subordination

A

Expressing in a dependent clause, phrase, or single word any idea that is not significant enough to expressed in a main clause or an independent sentence

91
Q

Symbol

A

something visible that by association or convention represents something else that is invisible; an arbitrary sign (written or printed) that has acquired a conventional significance

92
Q

Synecdoche

A

A part of something used to refer to the whole, example: “50 head of cattle” referring to 50 complete animals

93
Q

Syntax

A

the grammatical arrangement of words in sentences

94
Q

Theme

A

a unifying idea that is a recurrent element in a literary or artistic work

95
Q

Tone

A

(linguistics) the quality of something (an act or a piece of writing) that reveals the attitudes and presuppositions of the author

96
Q

Transition

A

Words, phrases, sentences, or paragraphs that indicate connections between the writer’s ideas. Provide landmarks to guide the reader from one idea to the next (SOME TYPES: time, place, result, comparison, contrast, addition, example)

97
Q

Understatement

A

a statement that is restrained in ironic contrast to what might have been said

98
Q

Unity

A

The characteristic of having all parts contribute to the overall effect. A work is described as having unity when all sentences or paragraphs develop one idea

99
Q

Verbal irony

A

incongruity between what a speaker says and what a speaker actually means

100
Q

Voice

A

Presence of the sound of self, chosen by the author. Voice is affected by audience and occasion for writing, want to sound natural and is closely related to style

Ap Lang (2 decks)

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