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Organic Chemistry > 1 > Flashcards

1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Crude oil?

A

A finite resource (Fossil Fuel) found in rocks. A mixture of compounds, mainly hydrocarbons.

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2
Q

How is crude oil formed?

A

Crude oil is the remains of ancient biomass consisting mainly of plankton buried in mud.

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3
Q

What is a hydro carbon?

A

A compound made up of hydrogen and carbon atoms only.

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4
Q

What is an Alkane?

A

Saturated hydrocarbon compounds with only single covalent bonds.

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5
Q

What is the general formula for an Alkane?

A

CnH2n+2

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6
Q

What are the 1st 4 Alkanes?

A

Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane

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7
Q

What is the molecular formula for methane?

A

CH4

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8
Q

What is the molecular formula for Ethane?

A

C2H6

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9
Q

What is the molecular formula for propane?

A

C3H8

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10
Q

What is the molecular formula for butane?

A

C4H10

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11
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A group of organic chemicals that have the same functional group so they react in a similar way

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12
Q

What is a functional group?

A

A group of atoms in a molecule which determines how a molecule reacts

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13
Q

How does fractional distillation work?

A
  • Crude oil is heated and vaporised into gas.
  • Fractionating column: higher temperature at the bottom lower at the top
  • Longer hydro carbons - higher boiling points condense at the bottom
  • Shorter hydrocarbons - lower boiling points condense at the top.
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14
Q

What is a fraction?

A

A mixture of hydro carbons with similar length carbon chains and similar boiling points

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15
Q

What are the uses of fractions produced during fractional distillation?

A

Fuel for transport - petrol, diesel oil, kerosene

Feedstock fo make new compounds - solvents, polymers and lubricants.

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16
Q

How does increasing the carbon chain length (Molecular size) affect boiling point?

A

Increasing the carbon chain length increases the boiling point

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17
Q

How does increasing the carbon chain length (Molecular Size) affect viscosity?

A

Increasing carbon chain length

Less viscous —— more viscous

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18
Q

How does increasing the carbon chain length affect flammability?

A

Increases

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19
Q

What is the general work equation for the complete combustion of ant hydro carbon?

A

Hydrogen + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water

O2–>CO2+H2O

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20
Q

What is cracking?

A

A reaction that breaks down long hydrocarbon molecules into shorter more useful molecules. Produces an Alkane and an Alkene

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21
Q

What is an Alkene?

A

An unsaturated hydrocarbon molecule with at least one double covalent bond between carbon atoms (C=C)

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22
Q

What are the conditions for catalytic cracking?

A

High temperature

Aluminium oxide catalyst

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23
Q

What are the conditions for steam cracking?

A

High temperature

Steam

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24
Q

What is the general method for cracking?

A

Heat to vaporise hydrocarbon.

Pass vapours over a hot powdered catalyst or steam

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25
Q

What is the test for an Alkene?

A

Add bromine water
Alkane = Stays orange
Alkene = Turns colourless

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26
Q

Why is cracking useful?

A
  • Produces smaller more useful molecules
  • Shorter alkane molecules can be used as fuels
  • Alkenes are starting molecules to make polymers
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27
Q

What is the general formula of an Alkene?

A

CnH2n

28
Q

Why is the molecular formula of ethene?

A

C2H4

29
Q

What is the molecular formula for propene?

A

C3H6

30
Q

What is the molecular formula for Butene?

A

C4H8

31
Q

What is the molecular formula for Pentane?

A

C5H10

32
Q

What is the functional group found in an Alkane?

A

A carbon - carbon double bond (C=C)

33
Q

How do Alkenes react with oxygen ?

A

Complete combustion =
Alkene + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water

Incomplete combustion =
Alkene + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water + carbon monoxide + carbon

34
Q

What type of reaction do Alkenes undergo?

A

Addition reactions

35
Q

How do Alkenes react with hydrogen?

A

Alkene + hydrogen —> Alkane

36
Q

What are the conditions for hydrogenation?

A

60*
Hydrogen
Nickel catalyst

37
Q

How do Alkenes react with steam ?

A

Alkene + Steam —> Alcohol

38
Q

What are the conditions for the reaction between steam and an alkene (Hydration) ?

A

Steam

Hot catalyst

39
Q

How do Alkenes react with halogens?

A

Alkene + halogen —> Halogenoalkane

40
Q

What is the functional group found in alcohols?

A
  • OH group
41
Q

What is he molecular formula of methanol?

A

CH3OH

42
Q

What is the molecular formula of ethanol?

A

C2H5OH

43
Q

What is the molecular formula of propanol?

A

C3H7OH

44
Q

What is the molecular formula of butanol?

A

C4H9OH

45
Q

What is the general equation when an alcohol reacts with sodium?

A

Alcohol + Sodium —> Salt + Hydrogen

46
Q

What do the general equation when an alcohol reacts with oxygen in air?

A

Alcohol + Oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water

47
Q

What are the properties of alcohols in water?

A

They dissolve in water

Alcoholic solutions have a neutral PH

48
Q

What is produced when alcohols are oxidised by an oxidising agent?

A

A carboxylic acid

49
Q

What are the uses of alcohols?

A

Fuels

Solvents

50
Q

What are the 2 main methods used to produce ethanol?

A

Fermentation and hydration using steam

51
Q

What is fermentation and the conditions required for this reaction?

A

Sugar (+ Yeast) -> Ethanol + carbon dioxide

Conditions
37 degrees
Yeast
Anaerobic conditions

52
Q

What is the functional group in carboxylic acids?

A
  • COOH group
53
Q

What is the molecular formula and displayed formula of mathanoic acid?

A

HCOOH

54
Q

What is the molecular formula of Ethanoic acid?

A

CH3COOH

55
Q

What is the molecular formula for propanoic acid?

A

C2H5COOH

56
Q

What is the molecular formula of Butanoic acid ?

A

C3H7COOH

57
Q

Why are carboxylic acids considered to be weak acids?

A

They partially ionise in aqueous solution

PH between 3-6

58
Q

What are the general equations when a carboxylic acid reacts with a carbonate?

A

Carboxylic acid + metal carbonate —> metal salt + water + carbon dioxide

59
Q

What are the properties of carboxylic acids in water?

A

Dissolve in water producing a weak acid in solution

60
Q

What is the functional group in an Ester?

A

Carbon chain - c -O - carbon chain =O

61
Q

How are esters formed?

A

A reaction between an alcohol and carboxylic acid

Alcohol + carboxylic acid—-> ester + water

62
Q

What is the structure of ethyl Ethanoate and how is it formed

A

HCH2CH2OH Ethanol +
HOCOCH3 ethnaoic acid —>
Ethyl ethanoate + water

63
Q

What is a polymer?

A

Many monomers (small molecules ) joined together to form a very large molecule

64
Q

How do we represent the formation of an addition polymer?

A 
No double bond 
Double bond opens 
Brackets 
N 
Atoms in exact same position
65
Q

What are monomers in condensation polymerisation?

A

Molecules with 2 fictional groups

Dicarboxylic acid) (dialcohol

66
Q

What are the products of condensation polymerisation?

A

A condensation polymer and a molecule such as water

67
Q

How is a polyester formed?

A

A dicarboxylic acid + a dialcohol —> a polyester

Organic Chemistry (1 decks)

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