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ABDOMEN > 1 - Abdominal Wall > Flashcards

1 - Abdominal Wall Flashcards

1
Q

Abdominal wall functions:

A

-supports and protects abdominal viscera
-locomotion and other motions
-can increase pressure in abdominal cavity

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2
Q

Abdominal wall can increase pressure in abdominal cavity during:

A

-forced expiration
-straining

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3
Q

Straining:

A

-contraction of abdominal muscles against a fixed diaphragm
Ex. parturition, defecation, micturition (urinating), emesis (vomiting)

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4
Q

Lumbar vertebrae of dogs:

A

-typically 7
>sometimes 6

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5
Q

Lumbar vertebrae of cats:

A

-typically 7
>sometimes 6

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6
Q

Lumbar vertebrae of cattle:

A

-typically 6
>occasionally 7

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7
Q

Lumbar vertebrae of horses:

A

-typically 6
>occasionally 7

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8
Q

Lumbar vertebrae of pigs:

A

-typically 6
>occasionally 7

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9
Q

Lumbar vertebrae of goats:

A

-6 or 7

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10
Q

Lumbar vertebrae of sheep:

A

-6 or 7

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11
Q

Number of lumbar vertebrae and length of abdomen:

A

-doesn’t necessarily correspond
>depends on the last rib (ex. horses it is smaller)

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12
Q

Abdominal wall muscles:

A

-erector spinae muscle systems (epaxial)
-sublumbar muscles (hypaxial)
-abdominal muscles
>cutaneous trunci
>external abdominal oblique
>internal abdominal oblique
>rectus abdominis
>transverse abdominis

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13
Q

Erector spinae muscle systems:

A

-transversospinalis
-longissimus
-iliocostalis

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14
Q

Sublumbar muscles:

A

-make up dorsal abdominal wall
-iliopsoas
-psoas minor
-quadratus lumborum
*help with stabilization and rotation (slight flexion)

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15
Q

External abdominal oblique:

A

-from ribs and deep fascia to (caudal ventral direction) aponeurosis onto linea alba, tuber coxae and pre-pubic tendon

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16
Q

Linea alba:

A

-fibrous, white mid-ventral raphe
-between xiphoid cartilage and ossa pubis
*separates R and L abdominis muscles

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17
Q

What is the linea alba comprised of?

A

-interwoven fascia
-aponeurotic attachments of abdominal muscles

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18
Q

Hernea:

A

-abnormal exit of an organ through a wall that it is typically behind

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19
Q

Pre-pubic tendon:

A

-complex of tendons that extends between the iliopubic eminences
-attached to pubic tubercule at midline

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20
Q

Pre-pubic tendon in dogs is comprised of:

A

-tendons of origin of pectineus muscles
-tendons of insertion of RA muscles
-aponeurotic attachments of EAO and IAO
-is some dogs: aponeurotic attachment of TA

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21
Q

Aponeurosis:

A

-flattens out (flat tendon) and fibers will go whatever way the muscle is going

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22
Q

Internal abdominal oblique:

A

-originates from everywhere (mostly tuber coxae) to linea alba and last rib
-sends caudal slip of muscle (cremaster) to spermatic cord
>pulls testicle up to body wall

23
Q

Transverse abdominis:

A

-deepest
-from tuber coxa, vertebrae, ribs
-insert on linea alba (dorsal to rectus)

24
Q

Rectus abdominis:

A

-6 pack muscle (‘22’ pack), sternum to pre-pubic tendon
-doesn’t insert on linea alba
>runs on either side

25
Q

What is the innervation of abdominal wall muscles?

A

-regional spinal nerves
>epaxial: dorsal branch
>hypaxial: ventral branch
*cutaneous trunci: motor is from brachial plexus

26
Q

Paralumbar fossa:

A

-last rib and TP of lumbar vertebra and tuber coxae,
-flank fold (IAO cranial dorsal border of the part that attaches to linea alba)

27
Q

Tuber coxae position throughout life: cow

A

-tuber to the side: due to IAO
>weight of viscera causes it to go to
>doesn’t happen until weaned

28
Q

Rectus sheath:

A

-sheath of rectus abdominus
-external and internal lamina

29
Q

What forms the rectus sheath?

A

-aponeurosis of 3 other ipsilateral abdominal wall muscles

30
Q

External lamina of rectus sheath:

A

-most of length: fused aponeuroses of external and internal AO
-just cranial to os pubis: aponeurosis of transversus abdominis (in carnivores)
-superficial position cranially to caudally: aponeurosis of RA

31
Q

Internal lamina of rectus sheath:

A

-most of it: aponeurosis of TA
-cranial to umbilicus: aponeurotic sheet of IAO (carnivores and small ruminants)

32
Q

What are the abdominal wall layers?

A

-skin
-external fascia
-EO
-IO
-RA
-TA
-internal fascia (transversalis fascia)
-parietal peritoneum

33
Q

What can be part of the external fascia?

A

-superficial: cutaneous trunci
-deep
>tunica flava abdominus in ungulates

34
Q

Abdominal wall blood supply: dorsal part

A

-lumbar arteries

35
Q

Abdominal wall blood supply: ventral part

A

-deep circumflex iliac artery
-cranial abdominal artery (carnivores and pigs)
-cranial epigastric artery
-caudal epigastric and caudal superficial epigastric arteries

36
Q

Cranial epigastric artery is the name given to an:

A

-internal thoracic artery after the musculophrenic artery is given off
>leaves the thoracic cavity and runs along the deep surface of rectus abdominis

37
Q

Mixed nerves gives off ventral and dorsal branches:

A

-ventral: muscles and skin ventral to TPs
-dorsal: epaxial muscles and skin dorsally
>cutaneous branch that extends ventrally

38
Q

Paravertebral nerve blocks:

A

-proximal
-distal

39
Q

Proximal paravertebral nerve block:

A

-blocking T13, L1, and L2
>go out of caudal aspect of vertebrae
*staying close to vertebral bodies

40
Q

Deep paravertebral nerve block:

A

-go more to the tips of TP
-need to use different landmarks
>block of tips of L1, L2 and L4

41
Q

Inguinal canal consists of:

A

-deep inguinal rings
-superficial inguinal ring

42
Q

What are the borders of the inguinal canal?

A

-cranial: caudal free border of IAO
-medial: lateral border of RA
-lateral: aponeurosis of EAB
-caudal: inguinal ligament

43
Q

Inguinal ligament:

A

-thickened caudal border of the aponeurosis of EAO
-contributes to superficial (dorsal) border of femoral triangle

44
Q

Inguinal ligament separates:

A

-the base of the femoral triangle from the superficial inguinal ring

45
Q

Deep inguinal rings:

A

-caudal border of internal abdominal oblique
-lateral border of rectus abdominis
-inguinal ligament

46
Q

Superficial inguinal ring:

A

-slit in aponeurosis of external abdominal oblique

47
Q

Vaginal ring:

A

*not part of inguinal canal (just goes through it)
-site of parietal peritoneum invagination
-not present in female cats or ungulates

48
Q

What are the structures that pass through the inguinal canal? Both sexes:

A

-external pudendal artery and vein
-genitofemoral nerve (or its genital branch)
-lymphatics draining the superficial inguinal lymph nodes
-cremaster muscle
-diverticulum of parietal peritoneum

49
Q

Cremaster muscle:

A

-all males except cats (not present in toms)
-only female dogs
*reduced in females

50
Q

Diverticulum of parietal peritoneum:

A

-all males=vaginal tunic
-only female dogs=vaginal process

51
Q

What also passes through the inguinal canal in females?

A

-round ligament of uterus
>inserts near the vulva
*only dogs and cats

52
Q

What also passes through the inguinal canal in males?

A

-spermatic cord constituents
>testicular artery, vein, nerve plexus and lymphatic vessels
>deferent duct, artery and vein
*all wrapped in visceral vaginal tunic

53
Q

Inguinal hernia:

A

-if the hole isn’t tight (ex. pigs), intestine could get through it and stretch it out
>goes through process and through the canal
*if keeps going in a male=scrotal hernia
Ex. castration can increase the risk of a hernia

ABDOMEN (8 decks)

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