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53 > 1. Anat > Flashcards

1. Anat Flashcards

1
Q

sections of the brain

A

Forebrain, Midbrain, Hindbrain

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2
Q

forebrain includes

A

Cerebrum, Diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus)

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3
Q

hindbrain includes

A

pons, medulla oblongata, cerebellum

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4
Q

brainstem includes

A

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

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5
Q

where is spinal cord located and protected by

A

located in vertebral column, protected by meninges surrounded by CSF

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6
Q

2 hemispheres of cerebrum separated by

A

longitudinal fissure

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7
Q

cerebral cortex is made up of

A

grey matter (cell body/soma), gyri and sulci

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8
Q

list the different lobes in the brain

A

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

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9
Q

what divides frontal lobe from parietal lobe

A

central sulcus

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10
Q

what divides temporal lobe from frontal/parietal lobe

A

lateral sulcus/fissure

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11
Q

what divides parietal lobe from occipital lobe

A

parieto-occipital sulcus

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12
Q

describe location of frontal lobe

A

anterior to central sulcus and superior to lateral sulcus/fissure

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13
Q

describe location of parietal lobe

A

posterior to central sulcus and superior to lateral sulcus/fissure

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14
Q

describe location of temporal lobe

A

inferior to lateral sulcus/fissure

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15
Q

describe location of occipital lobe

A

posterior to parietal-occipital sulcus and temporal lobe

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16
Q

what does the diencephalon contains

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

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17
Q

what does hypothalamus forms? (position)

A

lower part of the lateral wall and floor of third ventricle

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18
Q

what connects forebrain to hindbrain

A

midbrain

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19
Q

the neurons (clusters of nuclei) in the midbrain is a/w

A

visual and auditory pathways

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20
Q

does the midbrain contains fiber tracts?

A

yes (ascending and descending)

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21
Q

location of pons

A

inferior to midbrain, superior to medulla oblongata

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22
Q

does hindbrain contains fiber tracts

A

yes (ascending and descending) from the midbrain

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23
Q

most inferior part of the brain is the

A

medulla oblongata

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24
Q

nuclei in the medulla oblongata is a/w

A

cardiovascular and respiratory function (determine speed of HR and breathing rate)

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25
Q

where is the cerebellum located

A

posterior to pons and medulla oblongata

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26
Q

what divides the cerebellum?

A

vermis (midline portion) which is connected to the brainstem

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27
Q

the spinal cord is continuous with the brain at…

A

foramen magnum
(hindbrain -> foramen magnum -> spinal cord)

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28
Q

spinal cord tapers off at

A

conus medullaris

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29
Q

characteristics of neuronal cells

A

excitable (receive and generate signal) and conductive (transmit impulses)

30
Q

types of cells in the brain

A

neurons and glial cells

31
Q

function of neurons

A

structural and functional unit of nervous system, can generate/conduct impulses that are excitable

32
Q

what are non-neuronal cells called

A

glial cells

33
Q

function of glial cells

A

non conducting, support and protect neurons (eg repair, supply O2), 10x more glial then neurons

34
Q

structure of a neuron

A

dendrite, cell body/soma, axon hillock, axon terminal

35
Q

which part of the neuron contains nucleus, organelles, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria

A

soma

36
Q

what does the dendrite not contain

A

short and highly branched, contain all cytoplasmic components except Golgi apparatus

37
Q

function of dendrite spines

A

increase SA to increase innervations from other neurons (increase info received)

38
Q

what does the axon cytoplasm/axoplasm contain?

A

lacks ribosomes, RER and Golgi apparatus → unable to synthesise new proteins or degrade old ones

39
Q

where is AP generated?

A

axon hillock

40
Q

how are materials transported in an axon?

A

materials must be transported back and forth btw cell body and axon terminal

41
Q

fast vs slow component of transport

A
  • fast component: transport cytoplasmic proteins and macromolecules (required for metabolic and synaptic activity)
  • slow component: transport cytoskeletal components/ building blocks
42
Q

anterograde transport

A

cell body to axon terminal

43
Q

Retrograde transport

A

axon terminal to cell body

44
Q

function of presynaptic neuron in signal transmission

A
  • contains voltage-gated Ca2+ channels
  • arrival of action potential at axon terminal → open voltage gated Ca2+ channels → influx of Ca2+ ions → triggers exocytosis of chemical NT into synaptic cleft
45
Q

excitatory synapse (eg glutamate receptors) function

A

binding of NT (glutamate) to receptor → opening of Na+ channels in postsynaptic membrane → depolarisation of postsynaptic neuron → generate action potential

46
Q

inhibitory synapse (eg GABA receptors) fucntion

A

binding of NT (GABA) to receptor → opening of K+ and Cl- channels in postsynaptic membrane → hyperpolarisation of postsynaptic neuron → no action potential generated

47
Q

types of glial cells in CNS

A

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia

48
Q

how is oligodendrocyte identified?

A

CNPase cell marker

49
Q

function of oligodendrocyte

A

in white matter/axon: myelin sheath formation
in grey matter/soma: function as satellite cells (similar function to astrocytes)

50
Q

how does oligodendrocyte form myelin sheath (different from Schwann cells)

A

1 oligodendrocyte form myelin sheath around portions of several axons

51
Q

function of myelinated axons

A

myelinated axon helps to increase speed of transduction (signals jump between Node of Ranvier)

52
Q

which glial cells is the largest in size

A

Astrocytes

53
Q

characteristic of astrocyte

A

has pedicles (expanded end-feet) that terminate on capillaries or pia mater

54
Q

types of astrocytes (and where are they found)

A
  • fibrous astrocytes: located in white matter/ axons, long, few branches
  • Protoplasmic astrocytes: located in grey matter/ soma, thick, lightly branched, close to neuron cell bodies
55
Q

function of astrocytes (4)

A
  • regulate composition of intercellular environment and entry of substances
  • provide structural support to neurons and synapses
  • Tripartite synapse (astrocytic process)
  • mediate exchange of nutrients and metabolites (BBB)
56
Q

describe process of tripartite synapse (astrocytic process)

A

astrocytes take up excess NT (glutamate) → metabolise glutamate → transport back to presynaptic neuron to be reused

(regulate homeostasis of glutamate)

57
Q

function of microglia

A
  • small phagocytic cells that enlarge and become mobile after injury to CNS
  • monocyte origin (immune cells)
  • are brain macrophages, immunocompetent cells, phagocytosis, APC (to MHCII)
  • secrete pro-inflammatory mediators: TNF-a, IL-1ß
58
Q

dysfunction of microglia can cause

A

diseases (Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson disease, cerebral ischemia stroke)

59
Q

what cells does PNS contains

A

neuron cells
glial cells (Schwann cells and satellite cells)
nerve endings

60
Q

what are fascicles in PNS

A

contains nerve fibers (axons) → fascicles (bundles of nerve fibers) → nerve

61
Q

what are the 3 connective tissues covering the fiber

A
  • Endoneurium: connective tissue surrounding each individual nerve fiber
  • Perineurium: connective tissue surrounding each fascicle
  • Epineurium: connective tissue surrounding the entire nerve
62
Q

what are the function of glial cells in PNS

A

Schwann cells - form myelin sheath around axons
Satellite cells/ amphicytes - support cells

63
Q

how do Schwann cells form myelin sheath around axons

A

1 Schwann cell myelinate portions of a SINGLE axon (different from oligodendrocytes)

64
Q

ganglia

A

collections of soma/ neuron cell bodies located outside of CNS

65
Q

importance of circle of Willis

A

may help to supply blood to the opposite side in cases of SLOW OCCLUSION
- not effective if the occlusion is sudden

66
Q

function of brain capillaries

A

have tight junctions → form BBB (prevent random entry of water soluble substances)

67
Q

functions of CSF

A
  • clear fluid that act as a liquid cushion to absorb shock waves from blows and falls
  • helps to remove metabolites from brain (brain has no lymphatic vessels)
68
Q

where is CSF produced

A

CSF produced by choroid plexus

69
Q

flow of CSF

A

chloroid plexus in lateral ventricle → 3rd ventricle → via cerebral aqueduct to 4th ventricle → out of 4th ventricle to bathe whole brain & spinal cord

70
Q

where is CSF absorbed

A

Absorbed/ removed by arachnoid granulations -> superior sagittal sinus

71
Q

where is aneurysms usually formed?

A

circle of Willis -> cause hemorrhagic stroke

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