1. body composition

Question 1

• Abdominal fat

Answer 1

• Abdominal fat: subQ + visceral fat (in abd region)

Question 2

Adipose tissue mass

Answer 2

FAT (~83%) + supporting structures (~2% protein + ~15% H2O); primarily white adipocyte (fat w/ single fat droplet, mainly triglyceride)

Question 3

Body density (Db):

Answer 3

body mass/body volume

Question 4

Body mass index (BMI):

Answer 4

body mass/hgt2

Question 5

Essential lipids:

Answer 5

compound lipids (phospholipids) needed for cell membrane formation (~10% body fat)

Question 6

Fat mass (FM):

Answer 6

all extractable lips (adipose + other tissues)

Question 7

Fat-free body mass (FFM):

Answer 7

all residual lipid-free chemicals and tissues, includes water, mm, bone, CT, and internal organs

Question 8

Intra-abdominal fat:

Answer 8

visceral fat in abd cavity

Question 9

Minimal body mass:

Answer 9

BM plus essential fat (sex specific); 48.5 kg for reference woman; computed from bone diameters, stature, and constant

Question 10

Nonessential lipids:

Answer 10

triglycerides found mainly in adipose tissue (~90% total body fat)

Question 11

Relative body fat (%BF):

Answer 11

FM expressed as % of BM

Question 12

Specific gravity:

Answer 12

BM in air/loss of weight in water = BM / (BM-BW in water)

Question 13

Visceral adipose tissue (VAT):

Answer 13

adipose tissue within/surrounding thoracic and abdominal cavities (**more prone to indicate disease than high abd fat content)

Question 14

BMI (body mass index)

Answer 14

kg/m2. to assess “normalcy” of weight

• 25-29 = overweight; > 30 = obese

Question 15

Anthropometry (7)

Answer 15

Anthropometry: girth measures; determine patterns of fat distribution; inexpensive but prone to error

1. Skinfolds: tricep, subscap, iliac, abdomen, thigh
2. BIA (bioelectrical impedence analysis): lean = faster current
3. Hydrostatic weighing: difference btwn body mass in air and body weigh in water (determine body volume – loss of weight); {Db = mass/volume = Ma/(Ma-Ww)/Dw)-RV }
4. CT (computed tomography)
5. MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
6. DXA (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry): low dose xray. “Gold Standard”
7. The Bod Pod: air displacement

Question 16

Reasons for Classifying Overweigh/Obese

Answer 16

1) Provide meaningful comparisons of BW w/i or btwn populations
2) ID groups/individuals w/ high risks of morbidity/mortality
3) ID priorities for interventions (individual + community)
4) Establish basis for evaluating intervention strategies

Question 17

Leptin: hormone for body weigh regulation

Answer 17

• Responsible for how much one eats + how much energy one expends = one’s body weight
• Absence of Leptin = continual hunger and OBESITY
• Produced in fat, transferred to bloodstream, affects hypothalamus (decrease drive to eat)

Question 18

Adipocyte Hypertrophy:

Answer 18

↑ cell size

Question 19

Adipocyte Hyperplasia:

Answer 19

↑ # of cells
• We have a genetic “set point” of fat cells (number of how many… can typically only temporarily change #, ie. liposuction, but often body will drift back to homeostatic point)