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NUT 111AV > 1. Digestion & Absorption > Flashcards

1. Digestion & Absorption Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major compounds we get from food?

A

Proteins, fats, carbs, vitamins, minerals, water

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2
Q

What are some minor compounds (non-nutrients) our bodies extract from food?

A
  • Antioxidants from plants

- cholesterol from animal products

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3
Q

Macronutrients

A

Major nutrients that need to be digested or broken down to smaller components

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4
Q

List the macronutrients.

A

Proteins, fats, carbs

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5
Q

The stomach is able to produce specific enzymes that break down ____ into ___?

A

Proteins into peptides

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6
Q

What do triglycerides get broken down into?

A

fatty acids + glycerol

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7
Q

What do carbs get broken down into?

A

Sugars

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8
Q

Micronutrients

A
  • Needed in small amounts

- Don’t need to be digested (broken down) in order to be absorbed

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9
Q

List the micronutrients.

A

Vitamins, minerals, water

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10
Q

Digestion

A

Complex synergy of the physical actions of chewing, mixing and movement + the chemical actions of acids, enzymes, and detergent-like emulsifiers

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11
Q

Absorption

A

Movement of nutrients from the digestive tract into the blood or lymphatic system

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12
Q

List the 3 phases of digestion.

A
  1. Cephalic (oral) phase
  2. Gastric (stomach) phase
  3. Intestinal phase
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13
Q

Physical vs. chemical digestion during the cephalic phase

A
  • Chewing = physical

- Saliva = chemical

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14
Q

Physical vs. chemical digestion during the gastric phase

A
  • Muscular contractions = physical

- Stomach acid = chemical

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15
Q

What organs and tissues are involved in the cephalic phase of digestion?

A

Oral cavity, pharynx, salivary glands

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16
Q

What organs and tissues are involved in the gastric phase of digestion?

A

Esophagus, stomach

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17
Q

What organs and tissues are involved in the intestinal phase of digestion?

A

Pancreas, liver, gall bladder, small & large intestine

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18
Q

Chyme

A

Semifluid mass leaving the stomach

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19
Q

Where does the most absorption occur?

A

Small intestine

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20
Q

When does the cephalic phase begin?

A

Salivation at the sight, smell or thought of food

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21
Q

What happens during the cephalic phase?

A
  • Chewing and swallowing of food

- Some carbs and fat digestion begins in mouth through action of salivary enzymes

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22
Q

What happens during the gastric phase?

A

Stomach acid digests primarily proteins, but very little carbs or fat

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23
Q

What happens during the intestinal phase?

A

Majority of carb and fat digestion and the remainder of protein digestion

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24
Q

List the main and accessory structures of the GI tract.

A
  • Main = oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine
  • Accessory = pancreas, liver, gallbladder
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25
Q

Functions of the mouth

A
  • Provides an entry to the GI tract
  • Releases saliva
  • Chewing and swallowing
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26
Q

Function of the esophagus

A

Transports bolus from mouth to stomach through muscular action

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27
Q

Function of lower esophageal sphincter

A

Protects esophagus from stomach acid

28
Q

What is the consequence of the LES not functioning properly?

A

Stomach acid flows up into esophagus, causing acid reflux, heart burn

29
Q

Function of the stomach

A
  • Physically grinds and mixes food w/ gastric juices into chyme
  • Can absorb some water, alcohol, and drugs
30
Q

pH of gastric juice

A

1.5-3.5 (usually 2)

31
Q

What is gastric juice composed of?

A

HCl, enzymes, intrinsic factor, mucus

32
Q

Functions of HCl

A
  • Denature 3D protein structures
  • Activate enzymes
  • Release micronutrients
  • Kill bacteria and other microbes
33
Q

Function of enzymes

A

Used to breakdown complex macronutrients to smaller forms

34
Q

Function of intrinsic factor

A

Used to help with vitamin B12 absorption

35
Q

Function of mucus

A

Used to protect stomach lining and coat the intestinal tract

36
Q

Zymogen

A

Pro-enzyme or an inactive enzyme precursor

37
Q

How do zymogens become active enzymes?

A

Cleaved by HCl

38
Q

List the pancreatic secretions.

A
  • Bicarbonate

- Digestive enzymes

39
Q

Where does the pancreas secrete bicarbonate?

A

Into the lumen of the small intestine

40
Q

Function of bicarbonate

A

Neutralize acidity of the chyme leaving the stomach

41
Q

What is bile composed of?

A

Bilirubin, bile acids, cholesterol, phospholipids

42
Q

What is the most metabolically active organ?

A

Liver

43
Q

Where is bile made? Stored?

A
  • Made in liver

- Stored in gallbladder

44
Q

Function of bile

A

Emulsification of fats

45
Q

What are the parts of the small intestine? (in order from stomach)

A
  • Duodenum
  • Jejunum
  • Ileum
46
Q

Name the structures that make up the epithelial layer of the small intestine.

A
  • Villi
  • Microvilli
  • Brush border
47
Q

Villi

A

Finger-like projections, composed of epithelial cells (enterocytes)

48
Q

Microvilli

A

-Hair-like extensions on enterocytes’ lumenal membranes

49
Q

What components constitute the brush border? What occurs at the brush border?

A
  • Villi composed of enterocytes
  • Enterocytes have microvilli on them
  • Area where the microvilli of the enterocytes absorb nutrients
50
Q

Enterocytes

A

Simple epithelial cells found in the intestine

51
Q

Epithelium

A

A layer of epithelial cells

52
Q

What absorbs water-soluble nutrients?

A

Capillaries

53
Q

What absorbs lipid-soluble substances?

A

Central lacteal

54
Q

Where does the central lacteal lead?

A

Lymph system

55
Q

Active transport

A

Absorptive mechanism that needs energy in the form of ATP to move a substance across a cell membrane, against a concentration gradient

56
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A
  • Movement of a substance across a membrane, via a transport protein, down a concentration gradient
  • Transmembrane protein changes shape to transport substance
57
Q

Passive diffusion

A

Movement of a substance across a membrane (either through a protein channel or through the membrane), down a concentration gradient

58
Q

List the 3 mechanisms by which intestinal absorption occurs.

A
  • Active transport
  • Facilitated diffusion
  • Passive diffusion
59
Q

Segments of the large intestine

A
  • Cecum
  • Colon (ascending, transverse, descending)
  • Rectum
  • Anal canal
60
Q

Name the junction that connects the small and large intestine.

A

Ileocecal valve / Cecum

61
Q

Functions of the large intestine

A
  • Smooth muscle contractions mix and propel contents
  • Proximal colonic epithelia tissues absorb water and electrolytes
  • Materials are dehydrated
  • Bacterial fermentation occurs
62
Q

What happens during bacterial fermentation in the large intestine?

A
  • Breakdown of CHO, some fiber, and protein anaerobically by bacteria
  • Fermentation generates short-chain fatty acids and gases
63
Q

How does the Enteric Nervous System regulate the digestive processes?

A
  • Controls smooth muscle contraction of the GI tract

- Neurons in ENS produce several neurotransmitters

64
Q

Where does the enteric nervous system extend to/from?

A

Extends from esophagus to anus

65
Q

Under what type of control is the enteric nervous system? How?

A

Autonomic; interconnected w/ CNS

66
Q

Digestive enzymes that break down food in the gastrointestinal tract are released from where?

A

Mouth, stomach, pancreas and enterocytes

67
Q

Where are peptides broken down into amino acids?

A

Small intestine

NUT 111AV (5 decks)

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