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ANIMAL INF.DISEASES 2-part 3 > 1. HORSES: Equine infectious anemia (EIA) (RETROVIRUS) > Flashcards

1. HORSES: Equine infectious anemia (EIA) (RETROVIRUS) Flashcards

NÄIVETYSTAUTI

1
Q

disease

A

-equine infectious anemia (EIA)

-contagious disease of equids

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2
Q

caused by

A

retrovirus

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3
Q

characterized by

A

recurring clinical signs as fever, anemia, edema and cachexia (laihtuminen ja kova lihasmenetys)

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4
Q

agent

A

-equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV)

-genus Lentivirus, family Retroviridae

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5
Q

destroyable?

A

readily destroyed by most common disinfectants

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6
Q

survival?

A

survives limited time on mouthparts of INSECT

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7
Q

host range

A

-all members of Equine

> clinical cases in HORSES and ponies, also mules

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8
Q

distribution

A

-found nearly worldwide

> absent in few countries, incl. Iceland, Japan

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9
Q

infections particularly common in? (envi)

A

humid, swampy regions

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10
Q

presence of EIAV in herd

A

goes often unnoticed until some horses develop CHRONIC form of dz or routine testing is done

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11
Q

in endemic farms seroprevalence rate

A

<70%

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12
Q

deaths are

A

rare in naturally infected horses

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13
Q

distribution 2019

A

-usa
-russian

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14
Q

outbreaks 2019

A

-usa
-eu

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15
Q

distribution 2021

A

russia, usa, eu

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16
Q

distribution 2022

A

-usa
-russia
-eu
-canada

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17
Q

distribution 2023

A

-usa
-russia
-eu

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18
Q

outbreaks 2021/22

A

-usa: peru
-serbia

19
Q

outbreaks 2023

A

south eu

20
Q

virus persist in

A

-blood LEUCOCYTES

> Can be found in milk and semen

21
Q

mechanical vectors

A

biting flies (family: Tabanidae: horse flies, deer flies)

22
Q

excretions of transmission

A

-blood transfusion

-contaminated needles, surgical instruments and teeth floats

-In utero transmission

23
Q

route of transmission

A

mechanically on mouthparts of biting insects

24
Q

IP

A

week to 45 days or longer

25
Q

some horses remain

A

asymptomatic until they are stressed

26
Q

clinical signs

A

-signs are often nonspecific:
>fever, transient inappetence
>more severe cases: weak, depressed and inappetent

> additional signs: jaundice, tachypnea, tachycardia, ventral pitting edema, thrombocytopenia, petechiae on mucus membranes, epistaxis or blood-stained feces

-anemia = more severe in chronic cases

27
Q

after initial bout

A

MOST horses become asymptomatic carriers> some may have recurring clinical signs

28
Q

inapparent(oireeton) infections may become

A

symptomatic during concurrent illnesses, severe stress or hard work

29
Q

donkeys and mules are less likely to

A

develope severe clinical signs

30
Q

PM

A

-spleen, liver and abdominal LNs are enlarged

-MM can be pale

-edema on limbs and along ventral abdominal wall

31
Q

PM in chronic cases

A

emaciation

32
Q

PM: Petechia on (pienet, pistemäiset verenvuodot)

A

internal organs : spleen, kidney

33
Q

PM: mucosal and visceral

A

=hemorrhages

> blood vessel thrombosis

34
Q

DDx

A

-equine viral arteritis

-purpura hemorrhagica

-african horse sickness

-leptospirosis

-babesiosis

-severe strongyliasis or fascioliasis

35
Q

diagnosis: suspect when: individual animals

A

-weight loss

-edema

-intermittent fever

36
Q

diagnosis: suspect when: in herd

A

-several horses have fever, anemia, edema, progressive weakness or weight loss

> particularly when new animals have been introduced into herd or member of herd has died

37
Q

diagnosis: material

A

blood

38
Q

diagnosis: in lab

A

-serology: AGID, ELISA
> ELISA can be detected antibodies earlier than AGID and it is more sensitive, but false positives are more likely to occur

-RT-PCR:
>determing status of foal born to infected mares: maternal antibodies up to age of 6-8 months

-virus isolation: rarely done

(-inoculation of susceptible horse-monitoring more than 45 days )

39
Q

Tx? Vaccine?

A

-NO tx
-NO vaccine

40
Q

infected horses are

A

-lifelong carriers

> must be permanently isolated from other susceptible animals or euthanized

41
Q

foals born to infected mares

A

-should be isolated from other equids until foal is determined to be free of infection

> risk of congenital infection is higher if mare has clinical signs before she gives birth

42
Q

during outbreak

A

-spraying to control insect vectors, insect repellents and insect-proof stabling

-prevent iatrogenic transmission

43
Q

in countries with no previous infection

A

-quarantines and movement control

-tracing cases and surveillance

ANIMAL INF.DISEASES 2-part 3 (20 decks)

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