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966 Block 2 > 1. Into to Oncology > Flashcards

1. Into to Oncology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the top 3 cancers that men have the highest incidence of?

A
  1. prostate
  2. lung and bronchus
  3. colon and rectum
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2
Q

What are the top 3 cancers that women have the highest incidence of?

A
  1. breast
  2. lung and bronchus
  3. colon and rectum
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3
Q

What are the top 3 highest mortality cancers in men?

A
  1. lung and bronchus
  2. colon and rectum
  3. prostate
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4
Q

What are the top 3 highest mortality cancers in women?

A
  1. lung and bronchus
  2. breast
  3. colon and rectum
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5
Q

Smoking causes approximately 29% of what?

A

all cancer related deaths (primarily lung)

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6
Q

What are 3 pharmacological strategies for smoking cessation?

A
  • nicotine replacement
  • varenicline (Chantix(
  • bupropion (Wellbutrin)
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7
Q

About __-__% of cancer deaths are due to a variety of dietary factors.

A

20-60

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8
Q

Why are dietary habits important to us?

A

This is important because changing dietary habits can greatly decrease the cancer death rate

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9
Q

What are the American Cancer Society Guideline recommendations for healthy weight throughout life?

A
  • Be as lean as possible throughout life without being underweight.
  • Avoid excess weight gain at all ages. For those who are overweight or obese, losing even a small amount of weight has health benefits.
  • Get regular physical activity and limit intake of high-caloriefoods and drinks as keys to help maintain a healthy weight.
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10
Q

What are the American Cancer Society Guideline recommendations for physical activity?

A
  • Adults: get ≥ 150 min. of mod. intensity or ≥ 75 min. of vigorous intensity activity each week.
  • Children: get ≥ 60 min of mod or vigorous intensity activity everyday with vigorous activity ≥ 3 days/week
  • limit sedentary activity
  • doing some physical activity above usual can be helpful
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11
Q

What are the American Cancer Society Guideline recommendations for healthy diet?

A
  • choose foods and drinks in amounts that help you get to and maintain a healthy weight
  • limit processed and red meat
  • eat ≥ 2.5 cups of fruits and veggies per day
  • choose whole grains
  • drink ≤ 1 drink/day (women), ≤ 2 drink/day (men)
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12
Q

What is an example of chemoprevention agent?

A

Tamoxifen

Raloxifene

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13
Q

Tamoxifen can prevent what?

A

breast cancer

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14
Q

In what population does Tamoxifen work best in?

A

high risk women

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15
Q

At what age should women be screened for breast cancer?

A

40 or 50 - stop at 75

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16
Q

What is a method for screening for breast cancer?

A

mammography every 1-2 years

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17
Q

At what age should people be screened for colorectal cancer?

A

50 - 75

18
Q

What are the strategies for screening for colorectal cancer?

A
  • flexible sigmoidoscopy q5 yrs
  • colonoscopy q10 yrs
  • double-contrast barium enema q5 yrs
  • virtual colonoscopy q5 yrs
19
Q

What is the screening strategy for prostate cancer?

A

no longer recommended

20
Q

At what age should people be screened for lung cancer?

A

55-74 yo + 30 pk-yr hx + smoked within last 15 years

21
Q

What is the screening method for lung cancer?

A

annual low dose CT scan

22
Q

What is the acronym for cancer warning signs?

A

CAUTION

  • Change in bowel or bladder habits
  • A sore that does not heal
  • Unusual bleeding or discharge
  • Thickening or lump in breast
  • Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
  • Obvious changes in a wart or mole
  • Nagging cough or hoarseness
23
Q

What symptoms require an exam?

A
  • lump or nodule at any site
  • unexplained recurrent pain
  • steady weight loss
  • recurrent fever-infection that does not respond to antibiotics
24
Q

What is cancer?

A

Cancer is a group of more that 100 different diseases, characterized by uncontrolled cellular growth, local tissue invasion, and distant metastases.

25
Q

What dysfunctional tumor suppressor genes can lead to breast cancer?

A
  • BRCA 1

- BRCA 2

26
Q

In what ways can a cell become cancerous?

A
  • impaired apoptotic signaling proteins (p53)

- over expressed anti-apoptotic proteins (BCL-2)

27
Q

Most chemotherapy leads to cell death by _____________.

A

stimulating apoptosis

28
Q

Nearly all cancers express ________.

A

telomerase

29
Q

In the _____ stages of the disease, cancers express _________________.

A
  • early

- aberrant cell surface proteins

30
Q

What are the treatment modalities?

A
  • surgery
  • radiation
  • systemic anticancer agents
31
Q

What are the systemic anticancer agents?

A
  • chemotherapy
  • targeted agents
  • immunotherapy
32
Q

In order for CCNS agents to work, the cell (does/doesn’t) have to be in the cell cycle to be killed.

A

doesn’t

33
Q

CCNS agents are most effective in the __ phase.

A

S

34
Q

_____ agents express a dose response curve.

A

CCNS

35
Q

In order for CCS agents to work, the cell (does/doesn’t) have to be in the cell cycle to be killed.

A

does

36
Q

What are the alkylating agents?

A
  • nitrogen mustards
  • nitrosureas
  • heavy metals
37
Q

What are the antimetabolites?

A
  • fluorinated pyrimidines
  • cytidine analogs
  • purine and purine metabolites
  • antifolates
38
Q

What are the microtubule targeting agents?

A
  • Vinca alkyloids

- Taxanes

39
Q

What are the topoisomerase targeting drugs?

A

Topo I - Camptothecins

Topo II - Etoposide/Anthracene

40
Q

What are the targeted therapies?

A
  • Monoclonal antibodies (gabs)
  • Tyrosine Kinase inhibitors (Tkis)
  • proteasome inhibitors
  • mTOR inhibitors
  • endocrine therapies (anti- estrogens/androgens)
41
Q

What are the checkpoint inhibitors?

A
  • pembrolizumab
  • nivolumab
  • atezolizumab
  • ipilimumab
42
Q

What are the cytokines?

A
  • Aldesleukin (IL-2)

- interferon gamma

966 Block 2 (2 decks)

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