1- Learning/Motivation

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

A process through which experience produces relatively lasting change in behavior or mental processes

Question 2

Behavioral Learning

Answer 2

• Classical conditioning • Operant conditioning

Question 3

Classical Conditioning

Answer 3

Classical conditioning is a basic form of learning in which a stimulus that produces an innate reflex becomes associated with a previously neutral stimulus, which then acquires the power to elicit essentially the same response. Example: Pavlov’s dog

Question 4

Conditioned Food Aversions

Answer 4

Biological tendency in which an organism learns to avoid food with a certain sight, smell, or taste after a single experience, if eating it is followed by illness

Question 5

Operant conditioning

Answer 5

the consequences of behavior, such as rewards and punishments, influence the probability that the behavior will occur again.

Question 6

Skinner’s Radical Behaviorism

Answer 6

B.F.Skinner believed that the most powerful influences on behavior are its consequences
• “The power of reinforcement”
• reward=conditions that follow and strengthen a response
-example: sniffy

Question 7

Positive reinforcers –

Answer 7

Stimulus presented after a response that increases the probability of that response happening again
• Positive = add or apply

Question 8

Negative reinforcers –

Answer 8

Removal of an unpleasant stimulus, that increases the probability of that response happening again
• Negative = subtract or remove

Question 9

According to cognitive psychology…

Answer 9

..some forms of learning must be explained as changes in mental processes, rather than as changes in behavior alone

Question 10

How does cognitive psychology explain learning?

Answer 10

• Latent learning- when learning occurs without reinforcement and without any hint that learning
took place
• cognitive explanation of learning vs. the behavioral explanation

Question 11

Bandura

Answer 11

-Form of cognitive learning new responses are acquired after watching others’ behavior and
consequences of their behavior
-Need motivation

Question 12

•Dan Pink

Answer 12

Types of problem-solving
◦ Obstacles to problem-solving
◦ Types of motivation
◦ When do rewards work?

Question 13

What motivates one to achieve?



Answer 13

Need for achievement
– Extent to which an individual strives for success and is intrinsically motivated to perform well
– Teens with high need for achievement have authoritative parents who have encouraged success and:
• Set high performance standards
• Rewarded achievement success during
childhood
• Encouraged autonomy and independence

Question 14

Goal Theory

Answer 14

• Learning or Mastery Goals
◦ task or task-involved goals
◦ represent an earnest desire for increased knowledge and academic competence.
• PerformanceGoals
◦ ego or ego-involved goals
◦ signify a learner’s general desire to do well on a task so as to receive recognition and outpace others or to avoid shame or embarrassment.

Question 15

Approach directed goal

Answer 15

Goals can be “Approach” directed when students initiate actions that lead toward the attainment of the goal. e.g., I seek out opportunities to demonstrate my knowledge.

Question 16

Avoidance directed goals

Answer 16

◦ Goals can be “Avoidance” directed when students
seek to avoid looking bad or feeling incompetent.
◦ e.g., I don’t want to look clumsy so I don’t try in PE class.