10-14 Cumulative

Question 1

The election of 1824 featured four candidates for President. Who were they?

Answer 1

John Quincy Adams
Henry Clay
Andrew Jackson
William Crawford

Andrew Jackson won the popular vote, but failed to win a majority of the electoral college. John Quincy Adams finished second, and William Crawford third (although he was nearly dead). Since none of the candidates won a majority of the electoral college, the election of the President was sent to the House of Representatives.

Question 2

Module 03: A New Republic

In the South, the paternalist ethos

1. led to withholding food and shelter for slaves
2. helped end severe punishments for slaves
3. masked the brutality of slavery
4. urged an end to slavery

Answer 2

3. masked the brutality of slavery

Question 3

In Gibbons v. Ogden (1824), the Supreme Court was faced with a case in which New York State had issued an exclusive contract to one steamboat operator that conflicted with a contract issued by the federal government. How did the Court rule?

Answer 3

The Court ruled that under the Commerce Clause of the Constitution, the federal government had wide authority over interstate commerce (one of the steamboats traveled between New York and New Jersey), and the Federal contract overruled the state-level contract.

This case is important because it showed how the Marshall Court continued to rule in favor of more federal power.

Question 4

How did intellectuals in the South respond to Northern critiques of slavery?

Answer 4

Most Southerners argued slavery was Biblically based.

Hoping to provide further intellectual support for the Peculiar Institution, books such as Sociology of the South, written by George Fitzhugh and published in 1854, contended that slaves were better treated than laborers in Northern factories.

Question 5

The South possessed two major military advantages during the Civil War. What were they?

Answer 5

1. Interior lines: the South would be fighting a defensive war, allowing it to move troops to affected areas and offset in part the Union advantage in manpower.
2. Able commanders: the South had a distinct military tradition, and many of the Confederacy’s senior commanders had significant military experience.

Question 6

Module 03: A New Republic

Question refers to the excerpt below.

“Professing a desire to civilize and settle them, we have at the same time lost no opportunity to purchase their lands and thrust them farther into the wilderness. By this means they have not only been kept in a wandering state, but been led to look upon us as unjust and indifferent to their fate.”—Andrew Jackson, 1829

Jackson could use these words to show support for which of the following?

1. Johnson v. M’Intosh
2. Worcester v. Georgia
3. Indian Removal Act
4. Trail of Tears.

Answer 6

3. Indian Removal Act

Question 7

What was the Stamp Act Congress?

Answer 7

Called in 1765 by James Otis of Massachusetts, representatives of nine colonial governments attended the Stamp Act Congress to protest the British government’s taxes on the American colonies.

The Stamp Act Congress resolved that only elected representatives had the power to tax citizens.

Question 8

Who was at the bottom of the white class structure in the South?

Answer 8

Of the three classes in the Southern farming society, the “bukra” were the lowest class and the strongest advocates of slavery. Slavery kept them from falling to the bottom rung of the social structure.

The bukra comprised some 75% of the white population in the South.

Question 9

Module 04: American Civil War

Why was the Dred Scott Supreme Court decision significant?

1. It said that free people who assisted runaway slaves could be captured and sold into slavery themselves.
2. It provided that any enslaved person who traveled into a free territory or state would be forever free.
3. It gave free African Americans the right to seek justice or compensation for their experiences in slavery.
4. It ruled that African Americans were not citizens and therefore had no rights or protection under federal law.

Answer 9

4. It ruled that African Americans were not citizens and therefore had no rights or protection under federal law.

Question 10

What organization was the first radical abolitionist group in the United States?

Answer 10

The American Anti-Slavery Society

Based in New York City and founded by William Lloyd Garrison in 1833, the American Anti-Slavery Society demanded the immediate abolition of slavery.

The American Anti-Slavery Society issued pamphlets, petitions to Congress, and sponsored speeches, including many by Frederick Douglass.

Question 11

Module 02: Colonies at War

Why did some Americans support aid for France during the French Revolution? (5 points)

1. They saw it as a way to insult Great Britain and solidify their own principles.
2. They saw it as an opportunity to develop a permanent alliance with France.
3. They saw it as important to prevent Great Britain’s interference in the event.
4. They saw it as an obligation for France’s support during their own revolution.

Answer 11

4. They saw it as an obligation for France’s support during their own revolution.

Question 12

What was the Stamp Act?

Answer 12

The Stamp Act required the purchase of a stamp for newspapers, advertisements, and legal documents.

Question 13

Module 03: A New Republic

Which of the following descriptions best defines the Cult of Domesticity?

1. Women should embody the notions of virtue in fulfilling their duties to the family.
2. The United States should assume a neutral foreign policy.
3. Protective tariffs are needed to safeguard American manufacturing.
4. Slave women need to be educated to fulfill their duties as mothers.

Answer 13

1. Women should embody the notions of virtue in fulfilling their duties to the family.

Question 14

The Alien Act of 1798

Answer 14

Gave the President the power to deport foreigners he deemed dangerous, and to detain foreigners in times of war. The Act was fiercely opposed by the Democratic-Republicans, who saw in it a dangerous expansion of federal power.

Question 15

Module 02: Colonies at War

What was the significance of Pinckney’s Treaty? (5 points)

1. It created a territory in an area still claimed by Great Britain.
2. It settled disputes with Great Britain over military outposts.
3. It created new conflicts with Spain over trade on the Mississippi River.
4. It settled border and trade disputes with Spain in North America.

Answer 15

4. It settled border and trade disputes with Spain in North America.

Question 16

What wer ethe key terms of the second Treaty of Paris (1783) ended the Revolutionary War.

Answer 16

1. Britain recognized American independence
2. Britain remained in control of Canada
3. Congress would return confiscated Tory property
4. British creditors could collect debts owed to them by Americans
5. The United States western boundary was set at the Mississippi River, and its southern boundary at Florida

Question 17

What was John Brown’s plan at Harpers Ferry, Virginia (1859)?

Answer 17

Brown seized a federal armory, hoping to distribute the guns stored there to slaves and induce an uprising. The plan failed. Virginia state militia under the control of Robert E. Lee captured Brown and his followers, and they were hung after a short trial.

Question 18

Although plantation owners had large tracts of land, who was responsible for most cotton production?

Answer 18

Most cotton was produced by smaller farmers. Many small farmers had two or three enslaved people, with landholdings of up to 40 acres.

Question 19

Module 03: A New Republic

Question refers to the excerpt below.

“[T]he occasion has been judged proper for asserting, as a principle in which the rights and interests of the United States are involved, that the American continents, by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers.”—President James Monroe, Annual Message to Congress, 1823

To what occasion is Monroe referring?

1. The withdrawal of Spain and Portugal from South America
2. The failed attempt by Russia at preventing American trade with Asia
3. The issuance of a threat by France to reclaim part of the Louisiana Purchase
4. The deployment of American troops to Mexico to fight for the Texas territory

Answer 19

1. The withdrawal of Spain and Portugal from South America

Question 20

What did the Wade-Davis Bill (1864) require regarding the readmission of former Confederate States?

Answer 20

The Wade-Davis Bill required that, in order to be readmitted, 50% of a former Confederate state’s voters had to take the Ironclad Oath, swearing that they had never taken up arms against the Union, nor supported the Confederacy. Effectively, the Bill sought to keep ex-Confederates from voting and controlling the readmitted states.

Question 21

Module 02: Colonies at War

What purpose did the Neutrality Act and Jay’s Treaty have toward the relationship between the United States and Great Britain?

1. The documents prevented a new outbreak of war.
2. The documents put to final rest all issues between the countries.
3. The documents harmed their relationship due to ties to France.
4. The documents outlined rules for trade agreements.

Answer 21

1. The documents prevented a new outbreak of war.

Question 22

What were the three components of Henry Clay’s American System?

Answer 22

1. Impose a high tariff on foreign goods to protect American manufacturing and provide revenue for internal improvements
2. Establish a National Bank to provide stable currency and a credit to the federal government
3. 3. Stimulate internal improvements (transportation projects) to aid the development of the West and to funnel agricultural goods to eastern ports

Question 23

Although the Missouri Compromise (1820) forestalled the Civil War for 30 years, it also began what trend?

Answer 23

The Missouri Compromise began the trend of sectionalism, and citizens began viewing the effect of political and economic activity on one’s section as equally important to the effect of the activity on the nation as a whole.

The three sections are generally considered to be the North, the South, and the West.

Question 24

Tecumseh

Answer 24

Tecumseh was a Shawnee, who tried to unite the Indian tribes east of the Mississippi River in a confederacy to resist white expansion.

Tecumseh’s army was defeated by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Since they provided aid to the Indians, the British were blamed by Americans for Tecumseh’s activities, leading to further difficulties between the United States and Britain.

Question 25

How did the Constitutional Convention resolve the differences between the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan?

Answer 25

The Convention adopted the Connecticut Plan, otherwise known as the Great Compromise. The Connecticut Plan established a bicameral legislature in which the number of legislators in the House of Representatives was determined by population, while each state had an equal number of legislators in the Senate.

Question 26

Unicameral legislature

Answer 26

A legislature with one chamber. The Articles of Confederation established a unicameral legislature.

Question 27

Module 03: A New Republic

Which strategy did the U.S. use to help decrease tensions over the spread of slavery into western lands? (5 points)

1. Only allowed slaves to be purchased in states, not transported across state lines
2. Admitted states to the union in pairs, one slave and one free
3. Limited the number of slaves each owner could have in the new territories
4. Required states to pass laws that set up plans for gradual emancipation

Answer 27

2. Admitted states to the union in pairs, one slave and one free

Question 28

Module 02: Colonies at War

“As a very important source of strength and security, cherish public credit. One method of preserving it is, to use it as sparingly as possible; avoiding occasions of expense by cultivating peace, but remembering also that timely disbursements to prepare for danger frequently prevent much greater disbursements to repel it; avoiding likewise the accumulation of debt, not only by shunning occasions of expense, but by vigorous exertions in time of peace to discharge the debts, which unavoidable wars may have occasioned, not ungenerously throwing upon posterity the burthen, which we ourselves ought to bear.”
—George Washington, Farewell Address, from 1796

Which of the following domestic issues relates to this excerpt? (5 points)

1. Creation of the National Bank
2. Support for the French Revolution
3. Controversy over the Alien and Sedition Acts
4. Definition of the relationship with American Indians

Answer 28

1. Creation of the National Bank​

Question 29

At the outset of the Civil War, Lincoln took three acts which were an unprecedented use of Presidential executive powers. What were they?

Answer 29

Congress was not in session, and Lincoln, using his executive powers, acted without its approval to:

1. Suspend the writ of habeas corpus, allowing for the indefinite detention of those suspected of actions against the government
2. Call upon the governors for 75,000 militia troops to serve for three months
3. Authorize spending for military purposes

Question 30

Cotton Diplomacy

Answer 30

The South’s attempt to induce recognition and intervention by Great Britain and France. The South believed that Great Britain was dependent on Southern cotton to run its textile mills, upon which the British economy depended. In the early part of the War (before the Union blockade was firmly in place), the South cut off cotton exports.

France was widely believed to be willing to recognize the Confederacy once Britain had done so.

Question 31

The Virginia Plan

Answer 31

Drafted by James Madison, called for a bicameral legislature with two branches. Each state would send legislators to each branch based upon the size of their population.

Question 32

Module 03: A New Republic

How did American settlers prompt U.S. territory acquisition in some cases? (5 points)

1. Since the people living in disputed areas were the most familiar with the land and living situation, they were often recruited as key negotiators for international treaties.
2. Settlers who moved near border areas and were disgruntled with conditions sometimes declared independence with the intention of joining the United States.
3. Most people were still farmers, and the depletion of good farmland in the East caused a great deal of the population to demand that leaders make new lands available.
4. Many wealthy landowners would purchase large tracts of land from foreign neighbors and then sell it to the United States for a significant profit.

Answer 32

2. Settlers who moved near border areas and were disgruntled with conditions sometimes declared independence with the intention of joining the United States.

Question 33

Who led American troops in the South during the War of 1812?

Answer 33

Andrew Jackson fought a successful campaign against Britain’s allies, the Creek Indians (opening Alabama for settlement), then withstood a British attack at New Orleans.

The Battle of New Orleans took place on January 8, 1815. A stirring American victory, it actually took place two weeks after a peace treaty had been signed between the British and Americans at Ghent, in Belgium.

Question 34

Complete the sentence:

The _______ ___ _______ resolved the French and Indian War in 1763.

Answer 34

Treaty of Paris (1763)

Question 35

Tories

Answer 35

Tories were American Loyalists who fought on the side of the British, or otherwise aided them in their war against the American colonists.

Approximately 60,000 Tories fought for the British in the Revolutionary War, and in excess of 500,000 Tories were suspected to exist in the colonies. After the war, many Tories fled to Canada.

Question 36

Module 03: A New Republic

The expansion of a market economy in the early 19th century is reflected in which of the following? (5 points)

1. The decline of the slave system in the South
2. The improvement of transportation and availability of goods
3. The formation of strong labor unions
4. The continued growth of home labor and cottage industries

Answer 36

2. The improvement of transportation and availability of goods

Question 37

Who was Abraham Lincoln’s main opposition in the election of 1864?

Answer 37

General George B. McClellan

General George B. McClellan, who ran on the Democratic Party ticket, promoted immediate peace with the South. For 1864, the Republican Party was renamed the Union Party, in an effort to attract pro-War Democrats. Lincoln chose Andrew Johnson, a pro-War Democrat from Tennessee, as his running mate. Lincoln initially thought his chances at re-election slim, but Sherman’s capture of Atlanta ensured Lincoln’s victory.

Question 38

Prior to Missouri’s petition for admission as a slave state, what was the balance of power in the House and the Senate?

Answer 38

There were more Northern Representatives in the House, since the North had a greater population. In the Senate, however, there were 11 free state Senators, and 11 slave state Senators.

Missouri’s admission as a slave state threatened to upset the even numbers in the Senate, worrying many in the North.

Question 39

What prompted General Andrew Jackson’s military actions in Florida in the late 1810s?

Answer 39

After Spanish troops were withdrawn from Florida to suppress rebellions in Central and South America, a mixed band of escaped slaves, whites, and Seminole Indians used the lack of authority to launch raids on American settlements and then flee across the border beyond American retribution.

President Monroe authorized Jackson to stop the raids by crossing the border if necessary.

Question 40

Module 02: Colonies at War

What ultimately happened with the Virginia and New Jersey Plans?

1. Delegates agreed that the New Jersey Plan was superior.
2. Madison gave up on using any elements of the Virginia Plan.
3. Three different houses were added to the legislative branch.
4. A compromise was reached, employing ideas from both plans.

Answer 40

4. A compromise was reached, employing ideas from both plans.

Question 41

What was the role of labor unions in the rapidly growing urban manufacturing areas during the Antebellum Period?

Answer 41

To the extent that they existed, labor unions focused on efforts to limit the workday to 10 hours.

Several factors limited any pressure that unions were able to exert in the economy:

the depression that followed the Panic of 1837, which led to a surplus of labor
the constant influx of immigrants, who provided an inexpensive pool of non-union labor.

Question 42

How did the Upper South react to Lincoln’s call for 75,000 troops under the Conscription Act?

Answer 42

The states of the Upper South (Arkansas, Virginia, North Carolina, and Tennessee) announced they were seceding and joining the Confederacy.

The Confederates rejoiced at the new additions to their ranks, and the Confederate capital was moved to Richmond, Virginia.

Question 43

Why did Congress pass the Tariff of 1816?

Answer 43

Concerned that goods from newly peaceful Britain would flood the U.S. market, Congress passed a high tariff in 1816 to protect American manufacturers.

Although passed by Democratic-Republicans, the Tariff of 1816 was similar to one proposed by Hamilton during George Washington’s adminstration.

Question 44

Module 03: A New Republic

What was unusual about the Embargo of 1807?

1. It was in response to a British restriction imposed after a British ship sank an American ship—an odd set of circumstances, to say the least.
2. The Republican majority in Congress passed it and Jefferson vetoed it, but he was overridden for the only time in his presidency.
3. It stopped all American vessels from sailing to foreign ports—an amazing use of federal power, especially by a president supposedly dedicated to a weak central government.
4. It did hurt France more than Great Britain, and Jefferson was ardently pro-French.

Answer 44

3. It stopped all American vessels from sailing to foreign ports—an amazing use of federal power, especially by a president supposedly dedicated to a weak central government.

Question 45

Mexican Cession

Answer 45

The vast Western territory ceded to the United States by virtue of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.

In the post-Mexican War period, an overarching political question was how slavery would apply to the new Mexican Cession territories.

Most moderate Southerners simply favored extending the Missouri Compromise line of 36°30’ westward, and allowing slavery below the line.

A few “fire-eaters” (pro-slavery radicals) did propose opening the entirety of the Mexican Cession to slavery.

Question 46

What did the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 specifically do?

Answer 46

The Law specifically:

1. empowered special commissioners to detain Black people.
2. held trials in federal – rather than state – court to determine their enslaved status.
3. denied juries in trials to determine their enslaved status.

Those caught liberating enslaved people, or attempting to help them in any way, would face severe fines and penalties.

Question 47

How did Jackson attempt to deal with the rising inflation that followed his deposit of federal funds in pet banks?

Answer 47

Jackson issued his Specie Circular, which required that purchases of government land be made in gold and silver, rather than paper currency from his Pet Banks.

Since banks were more willing to lend scrip, rather than gold and silver, this led to a sudden curtailment of credit, resulting in the Panic of 1837.

Question 48

What were the three key components of the Missouri Compromise (1820)?

Answer 48

1. Missouri admitted as a slave state
2. Maine admitted as a free state
3. Slavery disallowed in future territories north of 36°30’ except within Missouri itself

Question 49

What did the case of Marbury v. Madison (1803) establish?

Answer 49

The principle of judicial review.

Written by Thomas Jefferson’s cousin, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court John Marshall, Marbury v. Madison established the principle of judicial review.

John Marshall decided to give Thomas Jefferson the victory in this case of the Midnight Appointments, since giving Jefferson what he wanted also meant that Jefferson (and by extension Jefferson’s Democratic-Republicans) would have to agree with the idea of “judicial review”. By agreeing to it, both political parties were agreeing to the idea that the Supreme Court would have the final say on whether or not a law was constitutional or unconstitutional.

Question 50

Who wrote Common Sense, a pamphlet advocating for immediate independence?

Answer 50

Thomas Paine

Paine‘s Common Sense sold hundreds of thousands of copies and persuaded many Americans to favor independence.

Question 51

The Free Soil Party ran former President Martin Van Buren as their candidate in the 1848 presidential election. From whom did the Free Soil Party draw its support?

Answer 51

Support for the Free Soil Party came from two groups:

• Conscience Whigs, so called because they believed an extension of slavery violated their conscience.
• Antislavery Democrats, known as “barnburners,” because it was feared that their defection from the Democratic ranks would hinder the Democratic Party’s chances in the 1848 election, which it did.

Question 52

The author of Nature and Self-Reliance. Argued in favor of individualism and contended that America should develop its own literary style and culture distinct from Europe.

Answer 52

Ralph Woldo Emerson

Question 53

Module 02: Colonies at War

How did the Constitution of 1787 handle the issue of slavery?

1. Despite protests from Southern delegates, the document permanently freed runaway slaves who made it to the North.
2. The Constitution declared that all territories of the United States would be “free soil” where slavery would not be permitted.
3. The Constitution provided for half of a state’s slave population to be counted in determining its membership in the House of Representatives.
4. Although never using the word “slavery,” the document protected several aspects of the institution.

Answer 53

4. Although never using the word “slavery,” the document protected several aspects of the institution.

Question 54

Module 02: Colonies at War

“There are certain modes of governing the people which will succeed. There are others which will not. The idea of consolidation is abhorrent to the people of this country.”
—William Grayson, 1788

Which of the following is a true statement about this quote?

1. It represents a Federalist viewpoint on the relative power of the central government.
2. It represents an Anti-Federalist viewpoint on the relative power of the central government.
3. It represents a Federalist viewpoint on the need for protection of individual liberties.
4. It represents an Anti-Federalist viewpoint on the need for protection of individual liberties.

Answer 54

2. It represents an Anti-Federalist viewpoint on the relative power of the central government.

Question 55

Module 04: American Civil War

Which of the following is true about preparations of the North and South for the Civil War?

1. Both sides were fairly equal in amount and quality of resources at the outset.
2. The South had a distinct advantage in industrial goods bought from Europe.
3. Each side successfully employed a draft to raise manpower early in the war.
4. Overall the North had the resource advantage in goods and infrastructure.

Answer 55

4. Overall the North had the resource advantage in goods and infrastructure.

Question 56

Module 02: Colonies at War

In The Federalist Papers, James Madison argued that

1. the large size of the United States was a source of political stability
2. to be a republic, a country must be geographically small
3. church and state must be linked in order to encourage republican virtue
4. it was essential that slavery be abolished for liberty to flourish

Answer 56

1. the large size of the United States was a source of political stability

Question 57

How did Federalists react to the declaration of war against Britain?

Answer 57

Centered in New England, New York, and New Jersey, Federalists denounced the war as an attempt by the Democratic-Republicans to conquer Canada and Florida in an effort to increase the number of Democratic-Republican voters.

Question 58

In 1798, the Federalists won a majority of seats in the Senate and House due to anti-French sentiments after the XYZ affair. What three laws did they pass?

Answer 58

With their new majorities, the Federalists attempted to silence the Democratic-Republicans and passed:

1. the Alien Act
2. the Sedition Act
3. the Naturalization Act

Question 59

Module 03: A New Republic

How did the abolitionist movement that arose in the 1830s differ from earlier antislavery efforts?

1. Actually, the two movements were quite similar in every way; the later one was simply better known because more people were literate by the 1830s.
2. The later movement drew much more on the religious conviction that slavery was an unparalleled sin and needed to be destroyed immediately.
3. Earlier opponents of slavery had called for immediate emancipation, but the later group devised a plan for gradual emancipation that won broader support.
4. The movement of the 1830s introduced the idea of colonizing freed slaves outside the United States, which proved immensely popular with Southern whites.

Answer 59

2. The later movement drew much more on the religious conviction that slavery was an unparalleled sin and needed to be destroyed immediately.

Question 60

Module 04: American Civil War

How did railroad building lead to increased division between the North and South?

1. The South had no interest in building railroads and saw the North as destroying the landscape by initiating them.
2. The South needed railroads to expand markets for their crops, but Northern businessmen refused to invest there.
3. The North was increasingly a manufacturing economy and tied with the West, while the South remained agrarian.
4. The North built railroads to the West to encourage settlement there by those who were against expanding slavery.

Answer 60

3. The North was increasingly a manufacturing economy and tied with the West, while the South remained agrarian.

Question 61

What providential event ensured the passage of the Compromise of 1850?

Answer 61

On July 9, 1850, President Taylor, who had been opposed to the Compromise, died of doo-doo ass. Millard Fillmore, his Vice President, assumed the office and signed each piece of the Compromise as it came before him.

Question 62

The Whiskey Rebellion.

Answer 62

To raise funds for the new federal government Alexander Hamilton had wanted to establish a high tariff, but Congress established a lower tariff and raised the rest by taxing various domestic products, including whiskey.

*Farmers in Western Pennsylvania didn’t want to pay the tax on the whiskey, so they attacked the tax collectors.

In response, Washington raised 15,000 men, led by Alexander Hamilton, and sent them to Western Pennsylvania to squash the rebellion. By the time the army arrived, the rebellion had dispersed.*

Question 63

Who founded The Liberator, the first radical abolitionist newspaper, in 1833?

Answer 63

William Lloyd Garrison

Taking inspiration from Thoreau, Garrison declared “that which is not just is not law.”

Question 64

Module 04: American Civil War

How did people in the North react to the Fugitive Slave Law?

1. Most accepted it as an unavoidable evil to achieve the Compromise of 1850 and so followed the law.
2. Some refused outright to honor it, and some abolitionists actively helped runaway slaves to evade it.
3. Few tried to resist the law, and many actually spoke out against those who did as troublemakers and thieves.
4. A majority openly denounced the law and found ways to support the Underground Railroad to Canada.

Answer 64

2. Some refused outright to honor it, and some abolitionists actively helped runaway slaves to evade it.

Question 65

The Lowell System

Answer 65

Provided employment for thousands of women in the factory towns of Massachusetts. Women from nearby farms lived in factory dormitories for short periods, working long hours in miserable conditions to earn enough for a dowry or to help their families.

Question 66

How did Andrew Jackson respond to South Carolina’s attempt to nullify the Tariff of Abominations?

Answer 66

Jackson considered South Carolina’s actions to be treason.

After asking Congress for a Force Bill, Jackson mobilized the Army, and threatened to hang John C. Calhoun, a South Carolina politician and his former Vice President, from the nearest tree. This was because John C. Calhoun had been responsible for the crisis. Jackson, although in favor of states’ rights, considered South Carolina’s actions to be treason.

After heated debate, cooler heads prevailed, and South Carolina backed down, thus ending the Nullification Crisis.

Question 67

Module 03: A New Republic

Which of the following was the greatest issue leading to the Monroe Doctrine?

1. The United States was concerned about renewed European colonization efforts in the wake of Latin American independence movements.
2. The United States feared retaliation from Spain, as the latter was bitter over the Louisiana Purchase from France, who had only recently regained the territory.
3. The United States recognized that diplomacy was the best method to acquire new territory and wanted to assure Europe of its intentions to continue peaceful relations.
4. The United States had gained significant property in recent years, was having trouble establishing control in those areas, and needed justification for expanding the federal military.

Answer 67

1. The United States was concerned about renewed European colonization efforts in the wake of Latin American independence movements.

Question 68

In 1820, only 8,000 immigrants arrived from Europe, but by the mid-1850s, hundreds of thousands were arriving each year. Besides the potato famine in Ireland, what other factors contributed to this substantial increase?

Answer 68

In 1848, revolutions broke out throughout Europe, followed by a wave of violent repression upon its working classes. Germany was particularly troubled, and many Germans came to the United States for refuge.

In addition, ocean transport was improving, both in speed and comfort, and several shipping lines specialized in transporting immigrants across the Atlantic.

Question 69

How did Henry Clay respond to Jackson’s opposition to the Bank of the United States?

Answer 69

Although the Bank’s charter still had a few years left, Clay pushed a recharter bill through Congress, which Jackson promptly vetoed.

Clay had hoped that Jackson’s veto of the recharter bill would swing the election to the Whigs, but the move backfired, and Jackson defeated Clay handily in the 1832 election.

Question 70

Module 04: American Civil War

How was the Emancipation Proclamation intended as a military strategy?

1. The expected confusion it would cause would scatter armies and elicit surrender to the North.
2. It would relieve Northern leaders of responsibility for escaped slaves, who drained resources.
3. The outcry and debate would distract Southern leaders as well as troops from their cause.
4. It would allow Union enlistment of free and newly free blacks and disrupt work in the South.

Answer 70

4. It would allow Union enlistment of free and newly free blacks and disrupt work in the South.

Question 71

he earliest factories in the north were labor-intensive and consequently suffered from severe manpower shortages. How did they make up for these shortfalls?

Answer 71

Several factories hired women, some of whom worked in the Lowell System, where workers lived and labored at the factory. Children as young as seven were employed throughout the Northeast.

The Lowell System, which offered a safe space for women to work, began in the early 1820s.

Question 72

John Jay signed a treaty with Great Britain, which was narrowly approved by the Senate. The Jay Treaty provoked an outcry. Why?

Answer 72

John Jay had been sent to negotiate a treaty regarding the British policy of impressment, which was the practice of British sailors kidnapping American sailors whom the British claimed weren’t really American.

When John Jay returned to the USA, his treaty said nothing about impressment.

Instead, it was an agreement by the British to abandon their forts on the western frontier, which the British had already agreed to do at the end of the Revolutionary War.

In addition, Washington’s willingness to negotiate with the British irritated pro-French Democratic-Republicans.

Question 73

What was the “Corrupt Bargain”?

Answer 73

In 1824, the House of Representatives was under the control of Henry Clay (who also finished fourth in the Electoral College that year). Although Andrew Jackson had won the popular vote, Clay’s efforts convinced the House to vote for John Quincy Adams as President.

Upon his election, Adams promptly nominated Clay as Secretary of State (considered a stepping stone to the Presidency). Outraged Jacksonians saw a conspiracy afoot, and denounced what they considered a “corrupt bargain.”

Question 74

The capture of what Mississippi town completed the Union conquest of the Mississippi River?

Answer 74

Vicksburg

Union forces under Ulysses S. Grant captured Vicksburg in 1863, completing Scott’s Anaconda Plan. The capture of Vicksburg was the result of a long siege, and cut off the eastern Confederacy from supplies and men in Texas and Arkansas.

Union victories at Vicksburg and Gettysburg occurred in the same week, and marked the beginning of the end of the War.

Question 75

What was the result of the Embargo Act (1807) on the American economy?

Answer 75

With overseas markets closed, a massive depression followed the Embargo Act, especially in New England, where the economy was heavily dependent on shipping and trade.

Question 76

After the secession of the Upper South, four slave states remained within the Union (Delaware, Maryland, Missouri, and Kentucky). How did Lincoln treat these states?

Answer 76

The secession of the border states would have doubled the Confederacy’s population. Federal troops were dispatched to Delaware and Maryland. Missouri experienced its own miniature civil war and had both a Confederate government and Union government.

Lincoln’s biggest worry was Kentucky, the largest border state. He allowed Kentucky to declare neutrality, foregoing action unless the South invaded. Lincoln said “I hope to have God on my side, but I must have Kentucky.”

Question 77

After Maryland tried to tax the Second Bank of the United States, the case went all the way to the Supreme Court. How did the Marshall Court rule in McCulloch v Maryland (1819)?

Answer 77

The Court held that Maryland could not tax the Bank. The Constitution gave the government the implied power to create a bank, and because the power to tax is the power to destroy, Maryland could not tax an institution created by the federal government.

Another court case where the Marshall Court ruled in favor of stronger federal power.

Question 78

Did the vast majority of Americans oppose or support the French Revolution?

Answer 78

Support for the French Revolution was strong in the United States, although there was concern about the intense violence and mob attacks which accompanied it.

Thomas Jefferson and his allies proved to be the French Revolution’s strongest supporters.

Question 79

The Oregon Treaty

Answer 79

A boundary was set at the 49th parallel, a reasonable compromise position.

There was some dispute in the Senate over whether to ratify the Oregon Treaty. Still, war with Mexico threatened to break out at any moment, and few had a desire to fight two countries simultaneously, so they ratified the treaty to focus on a war with Mexico.

Question 80

The Hartford Convention

Answer 80

The Hartford Convention was a meeting of New England Federalists opposed to the War of 1812, many of whom supported secession. Although a vote for secession failed, the Hartford Convention urged opposition to the War and amendment to the Constitution to stop the growth of Democratic-Republican power.

After the War and Jackson’s victory at the Battle of New Orleans, the Federalists were castigated as unpatriotic, and by 1820, the Federalists had disintegrated as a national political force.

Question 81

judicial review

Answer 81

Judicial review is a principle, established in Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137, (1803) that holds that the Supreme Court has the power to review acts of Congress and the President to determine whether they are allowed under the Constitution.

Question 82

Module 03: A New Republic

What was the direct effect of the trend in international migration shown in the table? (5 points)

1. The Panic of 1837
2. The collapse of the two-party system
3. A rise in nativist beliefs
4. Increased regional tensions between the North and South

Answer 82

3. A rise in nativist beliefs

Question 83

Module 03: A New Republic

What was the significance of Robert Fulton? (5 points)

1. He was responsible for the construction of the Erie Canal.
2. His work in designing steamboats made upstream commerce possible.
3. His innovations led to the revolution in turnpike construction in the early 19th century.
4. He sponsored congressional legislation that authorized building of the National Road.

Answer 83

2. His work in designing steamboats made upstream commerce possible.

Question 84

Module 03: A New Republic

What problem with cotton did Eli Whitney solve by inventing the cotton gin?

1. Whitney figured out how to remove the cotton-destroying boll weevil, and thereby, save the cotton crop.
2. Removing seeds from the cotton was a slow and painstaking task, but Whitney made it much easier and less labor-intensive.
3. Processing cotton required many different pieces of equipment, but Whitney figured out how to change the equipment more easily and quickly, saving time and money.
4. Planting the cotton took too many hours to make its growth very profitable, but Whitney enabled planters to use a machine to speed the planting.

Answer 84

2. Removing seeds from the cotton was a slow and painstaking task, but Whitney made it much easier and less labor-intensive.

Question 85

the Indian Removal Act (1830)

Answer 85

Forcibly ejected Indians from lands east of the Mississippi.

Signed by Andrew Jackson and carried out during Martin Van Buren’s presidency, the Native Americans followed the 1,000-mile long Trail of Tears, forced to by the United States military, where 15,000 men, women, and children died, due to hunger, disease, and exhaustion.

Some Native American men had to walk with shackles on their hands and feet.

Question 86

What was the effect on the economy of Jackson’s depositing federal money in pet banks?

Answer 86

It helped to create inflation but made it harder to save money.

With a plentiful supply of money, Jackson’s Pet banks were eager to loan their money out to people so that they (Jackson’s Pet banks) could collect interest from the loans they gave out to people, thus making more money.

The first people to come to Jackson’s Pet Banks were land speculators, so the Pet Banks lent money to loads of land speculators.

Then, when lots of people who now had money started buying up the land at around the same time, it drove up the price of the land, helping to create inflation. This also made it harder for people who had no money to buy a property and make a home since it became harder to save.

Question 87

Module 02: Colonies at War

“Resolved, 1st. That every form of government rightfully founded, originates from the consent of the people.
2d. That the boundaries set by the people in all constitutions are the only limits within which any officer can lawfully exercise authority.
3d. That whenever those bounds are exceeded, the people have a right to reassume the exercise of that authority which by nature they had before they delegated it to individuals.
4th. That every tax imposed upon English subjects without consent is against the natural rights and the bounds prescribed by the English constitution.
5th. That the Stamp Act in special, is a tax imposed on the colonies without their consent.
6th. That it is the duty of every person in the colonies to oppose by every lawful means the execution of those acts imposed on them, and if they can in no other way be relieved, to reassume their natural rights and the authority the laws of nature and of God have vested them with.”
—From the Connecticut Resolutions on the Stamp Act: December 10, 1765

Which of the following colonial complaints following the Seven Years’ War is best reflected in this excerpt?

1. Continued quartering and support of British soldiers
2. Taxation without direct representation in Parliament
3. Limits to settlement under the Proclamation of 1763
4. Failure to protect white settlers from American Indians

Answer 87

2. Taxation without direct representation in Parliament

Question 88

The Underground Railroad

Answer 88

A network to guide escaped slaves to safe houses.

The Underground Railroad, directed by enslaved people themselves, such as Sojourner Truth and Harriet Tubman, was a network that guided escaped enslaved peoples along secret routes and to safe houses until they reached freedom. Most often, these railroads ended in Canada, where enslaving people was already illegal.

Southern laws had harsh punishments for people who helped anyone along on the Underground railroad. Southern slave catchers were always a danger for enslaved peoples and their liberators, even in northern “free” states.

Question 89

What was Alexander Hamilton’s plan for fixing the economy during Washington’s first term as President?

Answer 89

As the first Secretary of the Treasury, Hamilton made three proposals:

1. A National Bank
2. The federal government would pay the debts of states from the Revolutionary War using the national bank
3. A high tariff on imported goods, to protect the newly created factories in the North from British competition

Question 90

Module 02: Colonies at War

Which of the following groups tended to be Anti-Federalists during the ratification debates?

1. Rural residents closely tied to the commercial marketplace
2. Merchants engaged in foreign commerce
3. State politicians fearful of a strong central government
4. Urban artisans, laborers, and sailors

Answer 90

3. State politicians fearful of a strong central government​

Question 91

Module 02: Colonies at War

What was the purpose of the Proclamation of 1763?

1. Secure a lasting peace following the Seven Years’ War
2. Organize the transfer of French claims to English settlers
3. Prevent further white settlement on American Indian lands
4. Establish the boundaries between British and Spanish claims

Answer 91

3. Prevent further white settlement on American Indian lands

Question 92

How did the existence of slavery in the border states affect Lincoln’s actions with slavery?

Answer 92

In an effort to keep the border states on the Union side, or at least neutral, Lincoln did not push to end slavery in the first 2 years of the Civil War.

Lincoln insisted that the war was not about slavery, but about the preservation of the Union.

Question 93

Who led the Union forces in Georgia in late 1864?

Answer 93

General William Tecumseh Sherman

After capturing Atlanta, Sherman led his “March to the Sea,” cutting a 60 mile-wide swath of destruction through Georgia, destroying much of the South’s psychological and physical ability to continue the War. Sherman’s march ended with the capture of Savannah on December 21, 1864.

Sherman then turned north, intending to march through the Carolinas and join Grant outside Richmond.

Question 94

What are three examples of sectionalism?

Answer 94

Beginning in the 1820s, the interests of the sections of the country began to diverge:

1. The South resented the Tariff of Abominations, which was being used to fund improvements such as roads and canals in the West and North.
2. Westerners did not like the Bank of the United States, which they felt was being used by Northern merchants to enhance their wealth.
3. The North disliked slavery, which was fundamental to the South’s economic prosperity.

Question 95

Nat Turner

Answer 95

Nat Turner was born enslaved on a Virginia plantation where his enslaver taught him how to read and write while also introducing him to religion. As a result, Nat Turner became an enslaved preacher.

Believing in signs and hearing voices in his head, Nat became convinced that God chose him to free the enslaved after witnessing a solar eclipse. With the help of 4 other enslaved men, he became infamous during the 1830s to free enslaved people, from which he successfully freed 80 enslaved people, during a slave uprising on August 21, 1831. Unfortunately, this rebellion against their slavery resulted in the death of 55 white people, mostly women, and children since the men were in a revival meeting in North Carolina.

Question 96

Winfield Scott’s Anaconda Plan

Answer 96

1. Union blockade of Southern ports, cutting off the Confederacy from needed supplies and hard currency.
2. Military force to move down the Mississippi, cutting the Confederacy in half.

Question 97

What was Hamilton’s view of Congress’ power under the Constitution?

Answer 97

Hamilton, who favored a strong central government, felt that the Constitution’s “necessary and proper” clause endowed Congress with the power to do whatever was necessary to carry out its enumerated powers.

Question 98

What did Washington warn against in his 1796 Farewell Address?

Answer 98

First, Washington warned Americans against forming political parties, a process that was already well underway. More importantly, Washington warned against involvement in European affairs and “permanent alliances” with European powers.

It’s not that Washington didn’t have a problem with Asian or African powers, it’s just that during this time, they rarely, if ever, interacted with the United States. If anything was going to drag America into a conflict, Washington believed, it was going to be the drama of Europe.

Question 99

Module 03: A New Republic

How did expanding the national territory increase sectional tensions in the United States?

1. Northern and Southern politicians disagreed as to whether Congress had the authority to determine whether slavery would be allowed in new areas open to settlement.
2. People moving westward to settle had little in common with people in the original states. They also had completely different political concerns, such as transportation.
3. Those living along borders often had greater social and economic connection to the neighboring countries. This complicated trade and land acquisition efforts.
4. Early national leaders promoted western settlement for agriculture, which matched Southern interests, but Northerners wanted to expand manufacturing.

Answer 99

1. Northern and Southern politicians disagreed as to whether Congress had the authority to determine whether slavery would be allowed in new areas open to settlement.

Question 100

Define:

Salutary neglect.

Answer 100

Salutary neglect describes the hands-off policy the British adopted towards the colonies prior to 1763. The British did not enforce parliamentary law or interfere in trade.

Question 101

Where did General Lee surrender to General Grant?

Answer 101

Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia

After abandoning Richmond under pressure, Lee was cornered and forced to surrender his Army at the town of Appomattox Courthouse, Virginia on April 9, 1865.

Over the next few weeks, the remaining Confederate forces laid down their arms, and the War ended.

Question 102

How did many western citizens view Washington’s dispatch of a 15,000-man army under Alexander Hamilton to suppress the Whiskey Rebellion?

Answer 102

Washington’s decision provoked outcry throughout the west. As the chief critic of the federal government, Thomas Jefferson became an outspoken supporter of the western farmer.

Question 103

Why did the new states of Mississippi, Alabama, and Arkansas experience an influx of Southerners from other states?

Answer 103

Much of the farmland in areas such as Georgia and South Carolina had been exhausted by years of cotton farming and poor crop management. The lands in these new states proved fertile and ideal for cotton growing.

The new arrivals typically brought their enslaved people with them, and the price for buying an enslaved person doubled between 1825 and 1845.

Question 104

Module 02: Colonies at War

“Resolved, 1st. That every form of government rightfully founded, originates from the consent of the people.
2d. That the boundaries set by the people in all constitutions are the only limits within which any officer can lawfully exercise authority.
3d. That whenever those bounds are exceeded, the people have a right to reassume the exercise of that authority which by nature they had before they delegated it to individuals.
4th. That every tax imposed upon English subjects without consent is against the natural rights and the bounds prescribed by the English constitution.
5th. That the Stamp Act in special, is a tax imposed on the colonies without their consent.
6th. That it is the duty of every person in the colonies to oppose by every lawful means the execution of those acts imposed on them, and if they can in no other way be relieved, to reassume their natural rights and the authority the laws of nature and of God have vested them with.”
—From the Connecticut Resolutions on the Stamp Act: December 10, 1765

How is the excerpt related to the Seven Years’ War?

1. After colonial leaders failed to unite in Albany, they passed individual laws to support the war.
2. After the war, the various colonies decided they needed to support all British official laws.
3. It reflects the agreements made at the Albany Conference to unite behind colonial issues.
4. It is a response to a British law designed to help pay for the war effort in North America.

Answer 104

4. It is a response to a British law designed to help pay for the war effort in North America.​

Question 105

What was Stephen Douglas’s role in the Compromise of 1850?

Answer 105

With the Congress unable to agree to the Compromise as a whole, Democratic Senator Stephen Douglas of Illinois engineered coalitions that passed individual parts of the Compromise, and presented them to the President, one at a time, for signature.

Douglas, known as the Little Giant, earned a reputation as a compromising Northerner who could find common ground with the South.

Question 106

Module 03: A New Republic

“Our neighbors who regard no law, or pay no respect to the laws of humanity, are now reaping a plentiful harvest by the law of Georgia, which declares that no Indian shall be a party in any court created by the laws or constitution of that state. These neighbors come over the line, and take the cattle belonging to the Cherokees. The Cherokees go in pursuit of their property, but all that they can effect is, to see their cattle snugly kept in the lots of these robbers. We are an abused people. If we can receive no redress, we can feel deeply the injustice done to our rights.”—From the Cherokee Phoenix and Indians’ Advocate, Wednesday, May 27, 1829*

In which of the following judicial decisions did the Cherokee Indians seek and legally achieve a victory?

1. Cherokee Nation v. State of Georgia
2. Worcester v. Georgia
3. Johnson v. M’Intosh
4. Barron v. Baltimore

Answer 106

2. Worcester v. Georgia

Question 107

What’s the difference between a Federalist and an Anti-Federalist?

Answer 107

The Federalists thought that a strong central government was essential to the survival of the United States. On the other hand, the Anti-Federalists believed that a strong federal government would impinge upon the rights of the states and the people.

Question 108

Radical Republicanism

Answer 108

Radical Republicans themselves never completely existed as a united political group. The only thing that united all of them was their shared desire for the emancipation of Black people and issues of racial justice.

When it came to gold/silver, tariffs, or reform for workers, Radical Republicans were often very divided.

Question 109

What were the effects within Kansas of the popular sovereignty bill?

Answer 109

From Missouri and the Southern states, pro-slavery men arrived, determined to make the state a slave state. They were countered by immigrants from the North, determined to halt slavery’s spread.

Organizations such as the New England Emigrant Aid Society funded anti-slavery immigration into the territory. The state quickly turned violent, which is where the name “Bleeding Kansas” comes from.

Question 110

What did the 13th amendment do?

Answer 110

The Thirteenth Amendment abolished slavery and involuntary servitude except as punishment for a crime.

Question 111

Republican Motherhood

Answer 111

Stressed educating women with American democratic principles, so that those principles could be passed on to the next generation of Americans.

Question 112

Why was California’s request for admission to the Union as a free state in 1849 such a divisive issue?

Answer 112

California’s admission as a free state would upset the balance of power in the Senate, which had an equal number of Senators from free states and slave states.

Matters became even more heated when President Taylor proposed admitting New Mexico as a free state at the same time.

Question 113

What was the role of black soldiers in the Civil War?

Answer 113

Over 200,000 Blacks served in the Union Army, and over 37,000 died in the service of their country. Black soldiers served in all-Black units led by white officers.

In the Confederate Army, Blacks served as laborers, digging trenches and hauling supplies, freeing Confederate soldiers for combat operations.

Question 114

Copperhead Democrat

Answer 114

Northern Democrats who opposed the Civil War and who called for immediate peace with the South.

Question 115

Module 04: American Civil War

Question refers to the excerpt below.

“You dislike the emancipation proclamation; and, perhaps, would have it retracted. You say it is unconstitutional—I think differently. I think the constitution invests its Commander-in-chief, with the law of war, in time of war. The most that can be said, if so much, is, that slaves are property. Is there—has there ever been—any question that by the law of war, property, both of enemies and friends, may be taken when needed?”—President Abraham Lincoln, 1863 letter

Which of the following is supported by the excerpt?

1. The president maintained correspondence with Confederate leaders he respected.
2. Defining slaves as property started to create support for the president in the South.
3. People in the North thought the president planned to force former slaves to fight.
4. Resistance to the president’s policies existed within the Union itself during the war.

Answer 115

4. Resistance to the president’s policies existed within the Union itself during the war.

Question 116

What did 1863 the Conscription Act establish?

Answer 116

he Conscription Act established the first military draft in U.S. history. A provision of the law, which allowed anyone to escape the draft by paying $300, created widespread opposition.

As a result, a popular slogan of the time was “Rich Man’s War, Poor Man’s Fight.”

Question 117

Define:

Natural law.

Answer 117

First expounded by John Locke, the principle of natural law claimed that merely by his existence, man was endowed with rights which could not be taken or abridged by government.

Natural law’s principles provided a justification for the American Revolution, and were listed in the Declaration of Independence. (“We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.”)

Question 118

How did the presidential election of 1824 end the Era of Good Feelings?

Answer 118

Each of the four candidates was ostensibly from the same political party, the Democratic-Republican Party. After the election, the Party split into Democrats (who supported Jackson), and the National Republicans, who became the Whig Party in 1828.

Question 119

Module 03: A New Republic

How does this painting reflect early 19th-century American Indian experiences?

1. American Indians who refused to give up their claims to land were often enslaved on Southern plantations.
2. Some American Indians cooperated with the work of those who sought to assimilate them into white society.
3. American Indian tribes could earn ownership of land by working for white landowners for a set period.
4. Some American Indians moved westward with whites to build and develop communities together.

Answer 119

2. Some American Indians cooperated with the work of those who sought to assimilate them into white society.

Question 120

After their resounding defeat in the 1800 election, power of the Federalists was limited to which bracnj of the federal government?

Answer 120

judicial

The Constitution provided that federal judges had lifetime tenure, and could only be removed from office by impeachment. Chief Justice John Marshall, a Federalist, would retain that office for 34 years.

Question 121

How did Washington react to the outbreak of war between the French and the British following the French Revolution?

Answer 121

Washington was concerned that the United States was too weak to become entangled in European affairs; and in 1793 he declared that the United States would stay strictly neutral. As such, the United States would support neither Britain nor France.

–

Question 122

Module 04: American Civil War

In John C. Calhoun’s eyes, what made slavery “a positive good”?

1. It led to more rapid economic and industrial development than was possible in the regions without it.
2. Slaves who ran away to the North suffered great hardships that led many to return to their former masters.
3. It contributed to the strength of the Union because it caused regions to depend so clearly on each other.
4. Slaves had a better quality of life than wageworkers in factories, who had no health care or other protections.

Answer 122

4. Slaves had a better quality of life than wageworkers in factories, who had no health care or other protections.

Question 123

How did the Mexican government respond to American settlers’ refusal to stop their enslavement of people and refusal of Roman Catholicism?

Answer 123

The Mexican government banned immigration by Americans, an act Americans simply ignored as they continued to pour over the border.

Question 124

Who was John Locke?

Answer 124

John Locke was an English Enlightenment thinker.

He theorized that although the government was supreme, it was required to follow certain natural laws; rights to which all human beings were entitled, simply by virtue of their humanity. Any infringement of these rights justified the overthrow of that government.

Ironically, John Locke and other Enlightenment thinkers developed these radical new ideas on freedom while at the same time their countries were aggressively enslaving tens of thousands of people per year in Africa for enslaved labor in the Americas.

Question 125

During the Civil War, how did the North’s economic advantages compare with those of the South?

Answer 125

While the South’s cotton could be used to exert economic pressure on Europe, the North possessed:

1. A significant banking sector that would assist fundraising.
   more railways than the South.
2. A large manegerial class who proved adept at keeping the Northern forces supplied.

Question 126

Module 02: Colonies at War

“It is proposed that humble application be made for an act of Parliament of Great Britain, by virtue of which one general government may be formed in America, including all the said colonies, within and under which government each colony may retain its present constitution, except in the particulars wherein a change may be directed by the said act.”
—From Albany Plan of Union, 1754

Which of the following is a true statement regarding the Albany Plan of Union?

1. It successfully united the colonies to provide support to the British in the Seven Years’ War.
2. Although it was supported by the conference members, the colonial governments rejected it.
3. American Indians joined the British cause because of promises made to them in the document.
4. Colonists did not want to support the war effort, which led to the document and resistance.

Answer 126

2. Although it was supported by the conference members, the colonial governments rejected it.

Question 127

What were the effects of the Louisiana Purchase?

Answer 127

• Doubled the size of the United States.
• Removed a potentially troubling foreign presence from the American frontier.

Containing parts of what would eventually become 13 states, Jefferson hoped that this new land would strengthen the position of his cherished American farmer.

Question 128

How did most Americans respond to the Stamp Act?

Answer 128

American outrage at the Stamp Act proved a unifying force throughout the colonies. People started to forget the things that made them different and started to focus on issues that concerned all of the 13 colonies.

Question 129

the Wilmot Proviso

Answer 129

The Wilmot Proviso (1846) was a measure introduced in the House of Representatives, which attempted to ban slavery from any territory conquered from Mexico. It never became a law, since the Senate refused to pass it.

Question 130

The Era of Good Feelings

Answer 130

The Era of Good Feelings began with James Monroe’s election to the Presidency in 1816. With the Federalist Party collapsing, the Democratic-Republicans dominated politics and there was a renewed optimism brought about by a revived American economy and peace in Europe.

Question 131

Module 04: American Civil War

In which of the following did the Confederacy have the advantage early in the war?

1. Firearms and weapons
2. Roads and railroads
3. Military leadership
4. Population

Answer 131

3. Military leadership

Question 132

What financial reforms did the absence of Southern Democrats in the House permit Republicans to accomplish?

Answer 132

Republicans were able to enact many long-cherished financial reforms, such as the creation of a national bank, and raising tariff rates to finance the War (the Morrill Tariff Act, 1861).

Question 133

In Shays’ Rebellion, a group of farmers led by Daniel Shays in Western Massachusetts shut down county courts. Why?

Answer 133

Shays and his followers shut down the county courts to prevent land seizures and imprisonment for debt. Debts were required to be repaid in hard currency, which was scarce.

Shays’ Rebellion was a response to the economic depression and high taxes resulting from Revolutionary War debt, and highlighted the weakness of the government established by the Articles of Confederation.

Question 134

2nd Great Awakening

Answer 134

Religious revivalist movement that started in 1795 and lasting until 1835.

Featured camp meetings that would feature revivalist Christian preachers giving sermons and is split into three different phases.

One of the lasting effects of the 2nd Great Awakening is that it significantly increased movements such as Prohibition, Abolitionism, and reform for the mentally ill, etc.

Question 135

What was the effect of the Confederate victory at the First Battle of Bull Run?

Answer 135

Having expected a quick conquest of the South, the Confederate victory at Bull Run came as a shock to the North.

The significance of the victory for the Confederacy is that it demonstrated that the War would be a long one.

Question 136

War Hawks

Answer 136

Congressmen who favored war with Great Britain. Led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun, most War Hawks came from the new states of the American West, such as Tennessee and Kentucky.

The War Hawks contended that war with Britain was a matter of national honor, and the only way to ensure freedom of the seas and to stop British aid to Indian tribes of the West. They also argued that in the event of war, Canada could be taken by the United States.

Question 137

What change in business law in the early 1820s revolutionized the way in which companies raised capital?

Answer 137

In the early 1820s, New York permitted the formation of corporations. A corporation allows many individuals to purchase a percentage of ownership (known as a share).

By allowing companies to issue stock to raise funds, corporations were able to invest capital in property, plants, and equipment, speeding the growth of manufacturing.

Question 138

The Fugitive Slave Act of 1793

Answer 138

Passed by Congress and signed into law by George Washington. The law helped the Southern States find runaway slaves by getting the Northern states, who had banned slavery, to help them find people who had escaped their enslavement.

*The law allowed slave catchers to enter free states to “capture runaway slaves” and fine anyone approximately $14,766.10 in today’s American dollars if they caught someone trying to help a runaway enslaved person.

*

Question 139

Module 04: American Civil War

Question refers to the excerpt below.

“[Because of the Emancipation Proclamation] the condition of things [became] … unsettled, revolutionary, with nothing clearly defined, neither slave nor slaveholder having any rights which they felt bound mutually to respect … Slave property in the state of Missouri was almost a dead weight to the owner; he could not sell because there were no buyers.”—H.C. Bruce, a former slave in Missouri

What does this excerpt suggest about the effects of the Emancipation Proclamation?

1. It also undermined slavery in the border states despite not being in effect there.
2. It caused complete disintegration of southern society in the states that seceded.
3. It led to slave owners not even trying to stop their slaves from leaving the farms.
4. It prevented riots or chaos as both owners and slaves simply ignored each other.

Answer 139

1. It also undermined slavery in the border states despite not being in effect there.

Question 140

Who was Dred Scott?

Answer 140

Dred Scott was an enslaved person in Missouri whose enslaver took him to Wisconsin and then returned with him to Missouri. Contending that once he had crossed into a state where slavery was illegal he had become liberated, Scott sued for his freedom.

Question 141

Module 02: Colonies at War

Which of the following addressed the issue of counting enslaved persons in the population as part of determining representation in the national government?

1. Great Compromise
2. Commerce Compromise
3. Presidential Compromise
4. Three-Fifths Compromise

Answer 141

4. Three-Fifths Compromise

Question 142

Why did the Louisiana Purchase put Jefferson in a difficult political position?

Answer 142

Since its passage, Jefferson had argued that the President could only exercise those powers specifically enumerated in the Constitution. No Constitutional provision allowed the President to purchase territory. Nevertheless, the Louisiana Purchase was such an amazing deal, Jefferson ignored his qualms and supported the transaction.

Question 143

Naturalization Act in 1798

Answer 143

Made new immigrants wait an extra 9 years before they were allowed to become a citizen. This had lengthened it from 5 years to 14 years.

The Federalists passed it because most new citizens tended to vote with the Democratic-Republican Party.

Question 144

During the Revolution, which country was America’s most important ally?

Answer 144

France

Following an American victory at the Battle of Saratoga (1777), France recognized the United States and provided naval assistance, supplies, and monetary aid to the fledgling nation. French assistance proved the decisive factor in the Revolution by forcing the British into a wider war.

Question 145

How did the American Colonization Society propose to solve the issue of slavery?

Answer 145

The American Colonization Society suggested that the government purchase enslaved people and have them transported back to Africa.

The country of Liberia, Africa was founded by the American Colonization Society. Although men such as Lincoln supported the idea, it never caught on and only 12,000 Black Americans returned to Africa.

Question 146

Who was blamed for the Panic of 1837?

Answer 146

The Panic of 1837 was a direct result of Jackson’s Specie Circular, which significantly handicapped the Pet Banks’ ability to lend money since people valued specie greater than the Pet Bank Scrip. The devaluation of the scrip in the economy led to the Panic of 1837, slowing economic growth.

However, the blame for the Panic and the depression which followed fell squarely upon President Martin van Buren, Jackson’s chosen successor, even though the Panic was largely due to Jackson’s withdrawal of funds from the Second Bank of the United States and the resulting Specie Circular.

Question 147

Which group was on top of the Southern class structure?

Answer 147

Plantation Owners

To be considered in the upper echelon of the South’s plantation economy, one needed 1,000 acres of land and have at least possess 100 enslaved people.

Question 148

James K. Polk

Answer 148

James K. Polk was a Jacksonian Democrat and ran for president in 1844.

Polk came out strongly in favor of Oregon’s boundary being at 54°40′, and supported Texan annexation, appealing to those who supported Manifest Destiny. Because he was new to politics, people believed he would do what he said, and voted for him, making him President.

Question 149

How did the Supreme Court resolve Dred Scott’s petition for his freedom?

Answer 149

In the 1857 Supreme Court case, Dred Scott v. Sandford, the Court held that Scott was not free, finding that:

1. Scott has no standing to sue because, as a Black man, he was not a citizen; he was the physical property of his enslaver.
2. Slaves being property, a white citizen could not be deprived of his Black property without due process of law.
3. The Compromise of 1820, Compromise of 1850, and “Popular Sovereignty” all deprived citizens of their property without due process and was repealed.
   As a result, slavery could not be made illegal in any state

Question 150

Module 03: A New Republic

Question refers to the excerpt below.

“When my mother became old, she was sent to live in a little lonely log-hut in the woods. Aged and worn out slaves, whether men or women, are commonly so treated. No care is taken of them, except, perhaps, that a little ground is cleared about the hut, on which the old slave, if able, may raise a little corn. As far as the owner is concerned, they live or die as it happens; it is just the same thing as turning out an old horse.”—Moses Grandy

The excerpt is historical evidence that most directly contradicts which of the following arguments?

1. Proslavery
2. Abolition
3. Woman suffrage
4. Temperance

Answer 150

1. Proslavery

Question 151

Why did Cotton Diplomacy fail to induce Great Britain to recognize the Confederacy?

Answer 151

The Confederacy overestimated Britain’s need for Southern cotton because Britain was able to find other sources of cotton, including India and Egypt.

The British working class were strongly antislavery, and after Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation and made ending slavery a prime goal of the War, British political leaders lacked the domestic support to recognize the Confederacy.

Question 152

The New Jersey Plan.

Answer 152

Called for a unicameral legislature where each state, regardless of population, had the same number of legislators.

William Paterson proposed the New Jersey Plan as a means of protecting small-population states from being overwhelmed by states with large populations.

Question 153

What were the key components to the Compromise of 1850?

Answer 153

1. California would be admitted as a free state.
2. Popular sovereignty would decide the slavery issue in the Mexican Cession territories.
3. A Fugitive Slave Act would require the federal government to help force freedmen back into enslavement.

Question 154

Manifest Destiny

Answer 154

the belief that the United States was intended by God to rule the entirety of North America. Fulfilling this mission was the end goal of the American government during the first half of the 1800s.

Question 155

Module 03: A New Republic

In their treatment of the American Indians, white Americans did all of the following except

1. make legal claims to the ancestral American Indian lands
2. recognize the tribes as separate nations
3. argue that American Indians would adopt the ways of larger society
4. trick them into ceding land to whites

Answer 155

2. recognize the tribes as separate nations

Question 156

The 1798 Sedition Act

Answer 156

Allowed for fines against newspaper editors who criticized the President or Congress.

Question 157

What two major points did Lincoln make in his Inaugural Address?

Answer 157

1. Vowed not to interfere with slavery where it currently existed.
2. Stated unequivocally that Northern forces would not fire the first shot.

“In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow-countrymen, and not in mine is the momentous issue of Civil War. The government will not assail you. You can have no conflict without being yourselves the aggressors.”

Question 158

What happened at Sand Creek, Colorado in 1864?

Answer 158

At Sand Creek, Colorado members of the Colorado Militia attacked a joint Arapahoe and Cheyenne Indian village, killing between 70 and 130 Indians, most of them women and children.

Question 159

Why did Anti-Federalists, led by Thomas Jefferson, opposed Hamilton’s plan to create a strong central government?

Answer 159

Jefferson and his supporters had two main objections to Hamilton’s plan:

1. They were concerned that as the federal government gained power, the states would lose it.
2. They felt that it would benefit the rich and hurt poor farmers.

Question 160

How did the British government react to the actions of the First Continental Congress?

Answer 160

The British ignored the First Continental Congress.

Massachusetts was declared to be in an open state of rebellion, and troops under British General Gage were dispatched to Boston.

Question 161

Seneca Falls Convention

Answer 161

Prominent feminists, including Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, proposed equality for women, including legal, property, and voting rights. Though the Seneca Falls Convention and the women’s movement were overshadowed by abolitionism, the Convention marked the beginning of the women’s rights movement.

Question 162

Module 04: American Civil War

Why does historian Eric Foner call the Emancipation Proclamation “perhaps the most misunderstood of the documents that have shaped American history?”

1. The document did not actually free any slaves at all.
2. It was intended to be a threat and not an actual law.
3. The document freed slaves only in areas of rebellion.
4. It was meant to encourage slaves to leave the country.

Answer 162

3. The document freed slaves only in areas of rebellion.

Question 163

Module 03: A New Republic

Why did many early national leaders encourage westward expansion? (5 points)

1. They wanted to expand slavery.
2. They wanted to abolish slavery.
3. They wanted to expand trade.
4. They wanted to restrict trade.

Answer 163

3. They wanted to expand trade.

Question 164

What Northern military disadvantage contributed to the lengthy of the Civil War war?

Answer 164

The primary Northern disadvantage was the lack of effective commanders, and a number of Northern generals proved incompetent. Only at the end of the War did an effective Northern military establishment emerge from experienced field commanders in the West, including Ulysses S. Grant, William Sherman, and Philip Sheridan.

Question 165

Lincoln took advantage of the Union victory at the Battle of Antietam to make what announcement?

Answer 165

The Emancipation Proclamation. National and International opinion required that Lincoln issued the Proclamation only after a major victory, so as not to appear as an act of desperation.

Question 166

The Revolution of 1800

Answer 166

Federalists, who held the Presidency and a majority of House and Senate seats, lost the election of 1800, yet handed over power to the Democratic-Republicans peacefully, and without bloodshed.

Such an event was rare in history and the “revolution” was that handing over control of the Congress took place without violence.

Question 167

What military advantages did the North possess in the Civil War?

Answer 167

1. Large population: Northerners outnumbered Southerners 4 to 1, and an influx of new immigrants (many of whom joined the U.S. Army) added to the advantage.
2. Naval power: drawing primarily from the New England states, the U.S. Navy remained loyal, and was able to blockade the Confederacy.
3. Industry: most industry was based in the North, and Union factories churned out arms and ammunition.

Question 168

Module 02: Colonies at War

“[T]he common and continual mischiefs of the spirit of party … agitates the community with ill-founded jealousies and false alarms, kindles the animosity of one part against another, foments occasionally riot and insurrection.”
—George Washington, from Farewell Address, 1796

What is George Washington warning the public against in this excerpt?

1. Creation of a national bank
2. Alliances with foreign powers
3. Creation of political factions
4. Alliances with native tribes

Answer 168

4. Creation of political factions

Question 169

Module 04: American Civil War

How did the Panic of 1857 reveal the sectional nature of the economy?

1. The North saw little effect, while the South was devastated.
2. The West saw little effect, while the East was devastated.
3. The North was more severely affected than the South.
4. The West was more severely affected than the East.

Answer 169

3. The North was more severely affected than the South.

Question 170

What did the Democratic-Republican Party believe?

Answer 170

The Democratic-Republican Party, led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison, desired a weak central government with limited powers as clearly written in the Constitution.

The Democratic-Republicans favored western farmers and agriculture. In contrast to the Federalists, the D-R’s wanted lower protective tariffs and supported the French Revolution.

Question 171

Who proposed the Missouri Compromise?

Answer 171

Henry Clay

The Missouri Compromise preserved the balance of power in the Senate, ensuring that for each free state admitted to the Union, a slave state would also be admitted.

Portions of the Missouri Compromise would be repealed by the Kansas Nebraska Act of 1854, which allowed new states to vote on whether or not they wanted to allow slavery, and others would be struck down in the Scott v. Sandford decision.

Question 172

What was the Declaratory Act?

Answer 172

The Declaratory Act (1766) reaffirmed the power of the British government to tax and make laws for the colonies “in all cases whatsoever.” Passed along with the repeal of the Stamp Act, few noticed the reaffirmation of the British taxing power.

Question 173

Module 03: A New Republic

What was the significance of the case of Marbury v. Madison?

1. It was John Marshall’s first case as chief justice.
2. The Supreme Court asserted the power of judicial review.
3. The Supreme Court declared that presidential power was greater than congressional power.
4. The decision gave states important new powers to block a too-powerful federal government.

Answer 173

2. The Supreme Court asserted the power of judicial review.

Question 174

Jacksonian Democracy

Answer 174

Jacksonian Democracy centered upon the participation of the white male public in elections and the government. Under Jackson’s view, any white man could fill any office in the federal government. Jacksonian Democracy favored a strong Presidency and a weak Congress.

The era of Jacksonian Democracy lasted until the 1850s when slavery once more loomed large as a national political issue.

Question 175

Module 03: A New Republic

Question refers to the excerpt below.

• “But if slaves were allowed to redeem themselves progressively, by purchasing one day of the week after another, as they can in the Spanish colonies, habits of industry would be gradually formed, and enterprise would be stimulated, by their successful efforts to acquire a little property. And if they afterward worked better as free laborers than they now do as slaves, it would surely benefit their masters as well as themselves …*
• But the slave holders try to stop all the efforts of benevolence, by vociferous complaints about infringing upon their property; and justice is so subordinate to self-interest, that the unrighteous claim is silently allowed, and even openly supported, by those who ought to blush for themselves, as Christians and as republicans.”—Lydia Maria Child, from Propositions Defining Slavery and Emancipation, 1833*

In her writing, Child chides slave owners for:

1. economic greed and religious hypocrisy
2. paternalistic attitudes
3. their failure to incorporate Spanish labor systems
4. being supporters of the Democrats

Answer 175

1. economic greed and religious hypocrisy

Question 176

Module 04: American Civil War

How was destruction of the Richmond-Petersburg area, such as that shown in the image, a factor in the South’s surrender in April 1865?

1. The cities were considered the heart of the South and Confederate morale imploded afterward.
2. It was the only significant area that was still under Confederate control as of this point in the war.
3. Richmond was the Confederate capital and Petersburg a critical source of supplies by railroad.
4. Southern commanders elsewhere surrendered immediately as it was the first total war on a city.

Answer 176

3. Richmond was the Confederate capital and Petersburg a critical source of supplies by railroad.

Question 177

Bicameral legislature

Answer 177

A legislature with two chambers. The legislative branch, as established by the Constitution, is bicameral.

Question 178

What was Pontiac’s Rebellion?

Answer 178

Pontiac’s Rebellion was an attack by a group of allied Native American tribes against British outposts who were protecting settlers who were flooding the area west of the Appalachian mountains.

In response, the British issued the Proclamation of 1763, which banned colonization west of the Appalachian Mountains. The British did this to save on the military costs of having to protect settlers.

Question 179

Although Lincoln failed to win the popular vote (he won 39.2%), he won a majority of the Electoral College. How did the South react?

Answer 179

Carrying out their threat, the states of the Deep South began to secede. South Carolina did so in December 1860, and six other states (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Texas, Mississippi, and Louisiana) followed.

In February 1861, the representatives of the seceding states met in Montgomery, Alabama, and formed the Confederate States of America.

Question 180

How did Abraham Lincoln react to the harsh terms of the Wade-Davis Bill (1864)?

Answer 180

Lincoln exercised a pocket veto over the Wade-Davis Bill (meaning that he neither approved nor vetoed it formally, instead letting the Congressional term expire).

Lincoln opposed the Bill’s harsh Ironclad Oath, which required swearing that one had never taken up arms against the Union, nor given aid to the Confederacy. Lincoln preferred that Southerners swear an oath of future loyalty.

Question 181

How did the Confederacy’s weak central government hinder the South’s warmaking ability?

Answer 181

Dedicated to a strong state-level government and a weak central government, the governors of individual Southern states resisted calls from the Richmond government for troops and funds. The lack of centralized control hampered Jefferson Davis’s ability to defend the Confederacy.

Question 182

What were the key terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848)?

Answer 182

The US government, after forcing Mexico to sign the Treaty, gave them 15 million dollars in exchange for 1/3 of the entire country of Mexico.

Mexico would also recognize the Rio Grande River as Texas’ southern border, which was the initial American demand before the war.

Question 183

The Election of 1828 pitted John Quincy Adams against Andrew Jackson. How did Jackson’s supporters characterize their candidate?

Answer 183

Jackson’s supporters characterized him as the champion of the common man. Jackson had no higher education, had been in several duels, and was a military hero.

Jackson’s background readily appealed to the newly enfranchised voters of the West, from where he drew much of his support.

Question 184

Module 02: Colonies at War

“[T]he spirit of party … opens the door to foreign influence and corruption, which finds a facilitated access to the government itself through the channels of party passions. Thus the policy and the will of one country are subjected to the policy and will of another.”
—George Washington, from Farewell Address, 1796

What important idea does George Washington want Americans to recognize, as described in this excerpt?

1. Factions divide a country so as to invite involvement from other countries that have their own agendas.
2. Creating an alliance with a foreign country is a commitment that never ends and can destroy the nation.
3. Factions are essential to the healthy development of liberty and republicanism and should be encouraged.
4. Creating an alliance with a foreign country or people helps secure one’s own sovereignty and peace.

Answer 184

1. Factions divide a country so as to invite involvement from other countries that have their own agendas.

Question 185

In what case did the Supreme Court establish the principle that it could hold a state law unconstitutional?

Answer 185

Fletcher v. Peck (1810)

In Fletcher, the Georgia state legislature had enacted a law that voided some land sales which a previous legislature had made and which were induced by corruption.

The Marshall Court held that the Georgia legislature’s law which voided the land sales were a violation of the U.S. Constitution, even if the land sales had been made by a corrupt process.

Question 186

What was the Proclamation of 1763?

Answer 186

In response to Pontiac’s Rebellion, the Proclamation of 1763 banned colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains.

Question 187

What was the intent of the Fugitive Slave Law (1850)?

Answer 187

The Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 was intended to bring comfort to the Southern enslavers by forcing the government to hunt down freed Black people and return them to their enslavement, and sometimes, even face their own death.

Question 188

Which religious groups supported slavery in the South?

Answer 188

• Methodists and Baptists supported slavery, citing Biblical support for the peculiar institution; as a result, their numbers grew.
• • Unitarians challenged slavery as an institution, and their membership dropped as a consequence.
• • Catholics and Episcopalians, present only in negligible numbers in the South, remained neutral over the issue.

Question 189

Module 03: A New Republic

Why did Thomas Jefferson call the Missouri crisis “a firebell in the night”?

1. He thought it was a great achievement.
2. He saw it as a threat to the nation’s future.
3. He was impressed by the speed of resolution.
4. He had concern for the finances of slave owners.

Answer 189

2. He saw it as a threat to the nation’s future.

Question 190

How did the Confederate Constitution adopted at Montgomery, Alabama differ from the U.S. Constitution?

Answer 190

The Confederate Constitution did not differ significantly from the U.S. Constitution, a testament to the strength of the original document. Among the minor changes, the Confederate Constitution:

• limited the President to one six-year term
• gave the President a line item veto
• barred any limits on slavery’s extension
• included limits on national tariffs

Question 191

The Homestead Act (1862)

Answer 191

Offered 160 acres of free land upon the Great Plains to anyone who was willing to farm it for five years.

The goal of the Homestead Act was to increase the population of the Great Plains, as well as to stimulate agricultural production.

Question 192

What did Pinckney’s treaty establish?

Answer 192

Spain (which controlled New Orleans at the time), agreed that Americans could transfer cargo at New Orleans, without paying taxes to the Spanish government.

This change significantly increased transportation along the Mississippi River by Americans, which led to the growth of New Orleans as a large shipping port.

Question 193

Module 02: Colonies at War

“As a very important source of strength and security, cherish public credit. One method of preserving it is, to use it as sparingly as possible; avoiding occasions of expense by cultivating peace, but remembering also that timely disbursements to prepare for danger frequently prevent much greater disbursements to repel it; avoiding likewise the accumulation of debt, not only by shunning occasions of expense, but by vigorous exertions in time of peace to discharge the debts, which unavoidable wars may have occasioned, not ungenerously throwing upon posterity the burthen, which we ourselves ought to bear.”
—George Washington, Farewell Address, from 1796

Which of the following accurately reflects the excerpt?

1. Washington was against the creation of a national bank.
2. Washington supported using credit only in times of war.
3. Washington thought states should handle their own debt.
4. Washington said all war should be avoided to avoid the cost.

Answer 193

2. Washington supported using credit only in times of war.

Question 194

Antebellum nativists

Answer 194

Antebellum nativists were suspicious of the new German and Irish immigrants. Most of the German immigrants, and almost all of the Irish ones, were Catholic. Protestant nativists feared that both groups could undermine American culture and take American jobs.

Anti-immigrant fervor would reach its height in the 1850s, with the formation of the Know-Nothing Party.

Question 195

Explain how the Enlightenment and the Great Awakening are similar.

Answer 195

Although the Enlightenment and the Great Awakening are two ideologically different events, one espousing rationalism while the other embracing religion, they both questioned authority.

This was because enlightenment philosophers like John Locke claimed that a government’s power comes from the people, not a King, and not from God. Meanwhile, religious leaders like Jonathan Edwards claimed that we were all sinners in the hands of an angry God. To Edwards, and other people who were swept up during the Great Awakening, even the King was a sinner, capable of doing sinful things, since we were all equal in God’s eyes.

Question 196

The midnight appointments

Answer 196

Shortly before he left office, President John Adams appointed several prominent Federalists to positions in the United States government, including appointing William Marbury as Justice of the Peace for Washington, D.C.

Thomas Jefferson ordered his Secretary of State, James Madison, not to deliver these midnight appointments, including William Marbury. In response, Marbury sued Madison.

This case of the Midnight appointments would make its way to the Supreme Court in the case called Marbury v Madison.

Question 197

Module 02: Colonies at War

“To judge from the conduct of the opposite parties, we shall be led to conclude that they will mutually hope to evince the justness of their opinions, and to increase the number of their converts by the loudness of their declamations and the bitterness of their invectives. An enlightened zeal for the energy and efficiency of government will be stigmatized as the offspring of a temper fond of despotic power and hostile to the principles of liberty. An over-scrupulous jealousy of danger to the rights of the people, which is more commonly the fault of the head than of the heart, will be represented as mere pretense and artifice, the stale bait for popularity at the expense of the public good.”
—Alexander Hamilton, 1787

Which of the following accurately reflects the excerpt?

1. Hamilton is an Anti-Federalist arguing that the Articles of Confederation merely need some amendments.
2. Hamilton is a Federalist arguing that the Constitution is necessary to quiet the radical elements in society.
3. Hamilton is an Anti-Federalist arguing that the Constitution endangers the individual liberties of citizens.
4. Hamilton is a Federalist arguing that those against the Constitution risk the survival of the new nation.

Answer 197

4. Hamilton is a Federalist arguing that those against the Constitution risk the survival of the new nation.

Question 198

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Answer 198

The state legislatures of Virginia and Kentucky passed laws that stated that the Alien and Sedition Acts violated the Constitution.

Question 199

What were the three main sections of the country during the Antebellum Period?

Answer 199

The three main sections of the country were the North, the South, and the West. The West was generally considered anything beyond the Mississippi River.

Question 200

Pacific Railway Act (1862)

Answer 200

Allowed for the building of a transcontinental railway through a Northern route.

Before the Civil War, Southerners in Congress had been advocating for a Southern route which was the impetus behind the Gadsden Purchase. With Southerners absent, Congressional Republicans were able to establish a Northern route instead.

Question 201

Module 03: A New Republic

Which of the following best illustrates the dichotomy of American society’s attitudes about slavery in the early 19th century?

1. Passage of the Missouri Compromise
2. Development of the American System
3. Issuing of the Monroe Doctrine
4. Nullification of the Force Bill

Answer 201

1. Passage of the Missouri Compromise

Question 202

Module 04: American Civil War

Why was 1863 a turning point in the war?

1. General Robert E. Lee began to consider surrender as the only possible outcome to the conflict.
2. The Union won key victories at Gettysburg and Vicksburg with stronger strategy and leadership.
3. A Confederate win at Chancellorsville emboldened Southern troops and encouraged participation.
4. President Lincoln expected the South to give up in response to the Emancipation Proclamation.

Answer 202

2. The Union won key victories at Gettysburg and Vicksburg with stronger strategy and leadership.

Question 203

Completed in 1825, the _________ _________ connected Buffalo & NYC by water

Answer 203

Eerie Canal

The Canal’s completion allowed goods to be shipped to New York via the Great Lakes from as far away as Wisconsin, and the Canal soon rivaled the Mississippi River as the nation’s aquatic highway.

Question 204

How did the Proclamation of 1763 mark a change in relations between Britain and the American colonies?

Answer 204

The Proclamation of 1763 marked the end of the period of salutary neglect, and marked the first time the British directly interfered with colonial affairs.

Further British interference would come in the form of taxation, as the British government sought to have the American colonies pay for some of the costs of the French and Indian War.

Question 205

Module 03: A New Republic

“If Northerners found the three-fifths rule and slavery wrong, Southerners were perfectly willing to drive home the logic of emancipation: Emancipate them and they stay where they are; and two-fifths of their number will be added to the representation, though they are not permitted to enlist in our army.”—Professor Margo Anderson, 2003

What concern of Northerners did the Southerners use in this argument?

1. Trade protection
2. Morality of enslavement
3. Representation in Congress
4. Border disputes with Great Britain

Answer 205

3. Representation in Congress

Question 206

Why did both Andrew Jackson and Martin van Buren denied requests for annexation from Texas?

Answer 206

Both Presidents were concerned that annexation of the Republic of Texas would lead to war with Mexico. Further, Texas was such a large territory that it was anticipated that the territory would be separated, meaning five separate slave states would come into the Union, engendering fierce political opposition.

A Southerner, President John Tyler had an annexation bill introduced to the Congress, which was rejected despite concerns about growing British influence in the region.

Question 207

What battle marked the end of the Confederacy’s offensive capabilities?

Answer 207

The Battle of Gettysburg (1863)

Some 50,000 soldiers fell during the Battle, the bloodiest battle of the Civil War and in American history. General Robert E. Lee’s forces were nearly destroyed, and for the remainder of the War the Confederacy was on the defensive.

Question 208

In 1864, following the capture of Vicksburg, Lincoln placed General Ulysses S. Grant in charge of the Union Army in Virginia. What was Grant’s strategy to defeat General Robert E. Lee’s forces?

Answer 208

Recognizing that the South was exhausted after more than three years of war, Grant relied on simple attrition, using the North’s greater resources in arms and manpower to launch several bloody attacks before laying siege to Richmond and Petersburg, Virginia.

Question 209

Module 02: Colonies at War

Which of the following was not a cause of conflict between American Indians and the new nation during Washington’s presidency?

1. Continued British military presence on frontier outposts
2. Disputes over land claims since the end of the revolution
3. Spanish control of navigation and trade along interior rivers
4. Lack of guidelines for their relationship in the Constitution

Answer 209

3. Spanish control of navigation and trade along interior rivers

Question 210

Module 03: A New Republic

The term “Era of Good Feelings” refers to the period of American history when

1. the Federalist Party was at its strongest
2. there seemed to be political harmony during the Monroe administration
3. Americans united across party lines to declare war on Great Britain in the War of 1812
4. slavery was gradually abolished in all the states

Answer 210

3. Americans united across party lines to declare war on Great Britain in the War of 1812

Question 211

Define:

Articles of Confederation

Answer 211

The Articles of Confederation were established during the Revolutionary War by the Continental Congress. Due to fears of concentrated power, the Articles intentionally established a weak central government.

Question 212

Module 03: A New Republic

American Indian removal and the colonization of former slaves rested on the premise that America

1. was fundamentally a white society
2. wanted what was in the best interest of all the people
3. was not financially able to support all who lived there
4. provided opportunity for new land to those who desired it

Answer 212

1. was fundamentally a white society

Question 213

Which two Democratic-Republicans tied in the Electoral College?

Answer 213

Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr

Electors who cast their two votes for Jefferson and Burr thought they were electing Burr for Vice President, but when Burr realized that the tie gave him the chance at the Presidency, he attempted to convince the still Federalist House of Representatives to vote for him as opposed to Jefferson, their staunch political enemy.

Alexander Hamilton persuaded many Representatives that Jefferson was the safer choice, because he considered Burr a scoundrel. Later, Burr would shoot and kill Hamilton in a duel.

Question 214

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What was the initial purpose of the Kansas-Nebraska Act?

Answer 214

Stephen A Douglas introduced the bill was so that a midwestern transcontinental railroad could begin building towards California. To make the new road profitable, it needed customers along its lines. Customers meant settlers, and for settlers to own land, the territory needed to be organized.

Douglas added a popular sovereignty provision to the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

This meant that people would be able to decide, in their own states, whether they would be “free” or “slave”.

He hoped that by allowing the new territories to vote themselves, he would not need to take a position on slavery and hinder his chances to become President.

Question 215

Module 03: A New Republic

“GOLD.—A gentleman of the first respectability in Habersham county, writes us thus under date of 22d July: “Two gold mines have just been discovered in this county, and preparations are making to bring these hidden treasures of the earth to use.” So it appears that what we long anticipated has come to pass at last, namely, that the gold region of North and South Carolina, would be found to extend into Georgia.”—From an August 1, 1829 Georgia newspaper*

How did the discovery of gold in Georgia affect the Cherokee Indians?

1. It led several leaders to sign a resettlement treaty that gave them favorable compensation, which angered other prominent leaders.
2. It gave them greater power to negotiate with the state and federal government since they controlled the land where it was found.
3. It was on land that had already been set aside as protected for them, and white speculators were illegally entering the land.
4. It solved issues of compensation that had prevented most from agreeing to resettlement, as they could take it with them.

Answer 215

3. It was on land that had already been set aside as protected for them, and white speculators were illegally entering the land.

Question 216

Why did the antebellum South see little immigration?

Answer 216

Since the South had a small manufacturing base, most low-level jobs were agricultural, and centered on the plantation economy. These jobs were held by slaves, and there simply were not enough free labor jobs to support large-scale immigration to the region.

Question 217

The XYZ Affair

Answer 217

French naval ships were impressing American sailors and searching American ships. President Adams sent American diplomats to negotiate with France.

Three French ministers, whose names were never revealed and were known only as X, Y, and Z, requested bribes before the negotiations could begin. Insulted, the American diplomats returned home.

Most Americans were outraged at the insult, and although popular support for war against Britain had been strong for a few months, now most Americans advocated for war against France.

Question 218

Module 03: A New Republic

How did reformers reconcile their desire to create moral order with their quest to enhance personal freedom?

1. They claimed that genuine liberty meant allowing others to eliminate those problems that might threaten that liberty.
2. They stressed liberation from external restraints, like slavery, and internal servitude, such as drinking alcohol.
3. They contended that self-discipline was so rare that someone had to step in and make sure Americans could enjoy the fruits of their labor.
4. They felt that eliminating temptations would lead to the natural liberty that Protestants had long considered crucial to maintaining a good society.

Answer 218

2. They stressed liberation from external restraints, like slavery, and internal servitude, such as drinking alcohol.

Question 219

Explain the difference between Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton’s ideas about where the country’s strength was.

Answer 219

Thomas Jefferson believed the independent, “yeoman farmer” was central to American success. Alexander Hamilton, on the other hand, believed that the nation could best be strengthened through manufacturing and trade.

Question 220

In addition to banning further American immigration to Texas in the 1830s, Mexico enacted two laws that enraged American settlers. What were they?

Answer 220

1. Mexico required anyone already living within Mexican territory to convert to Roman Catholicism.
2. Mexico passed legislation banning the enslavement of people.

Americans simply ignored both laws. Most enslavers simply converted their slaves into “lifetime indentured servants”, a distinction without a difference that only served to irritate Mexican authorities.

Question 221

Spoils System

Answer 221

Under the Spoils System, the newly elected President appointed those who’d helped him to federal office, such as Postmaster.

Jackson believed that no training was necessary for any federal office. He also rotated federal officeholders after his first term, so as to provide jobs to as many Democrats as possible.

Question 222

How did Thomas Jefferson respond to the continued British impressment of American sailors?

Answer 222

Jefferson convinced Congress to pass the Embargo Act in 1807, which barred American ships from sailing to any non-American port.

Jefferson hoped that Britain, cut off from American supplies, would cease violating American rights. Britain simply began importing more goods from South America and continued her impressment of Americans.

Question 223

How did the Great Awakening impact the American Revolution?

Answer 223

The Great Awakening revivalists claimed that all men were equal before God. This egalitarian principle led many to question the monarchy and to espouse democracy.

In addition, the Great Awakening revivals took place throughout the Amer

Question 224

Module 04: American Civil War

How did abolitionists react to the Kansas-Nebraska Act?

1. They praised popular sovereignty as the best way to end slavery and encouraged others to support it.
2. They set up a society to encourage people to move there so they could vote against allowing slavery.
3. They vilified Stephen Douglas as a Southern sympathizer, ruining his reputation and political future.
4. They claimed that it would lead to violence and suggested that anti-slavery settlers leave the area.

Answer 224

2. They set up a society to encourage people to move there so they could vote against allowing slavery.

Question 225

To induce the state constitutional committees to ratify the Constitution, the Federalists guaranteed they would pass what legislation?

Answer 225

The Federalists promised the passage of a Bill of Rights.

The Bill of Rights, suggested by Thomas Jefferson, established limits to the power of the federal government, and guaranteed unto the people certain rights. By 1790, all 13 states had ratified the Constitution.

Question 226

Scrip

Answer 226

Currency printed by a bank

Banks had an option to accept another bank’s scrip in repayment for a loan, or to demand gold or silver instead. This gold and silver is called “specie”.

When the Pet Banks were loaded with cash, those banks began to issue scrip.

Side note: Today, your (American) money is not printed by Banks, but it’s printed by a part of our U.S. government called the Federal Reserve.

Question 227

In 1863, Arkansas, Louisiana, and Tennessee had fulfilled the requirements of Lincoln’s Ten Percent Plan, and applied for readmission to the Union. Their application was denied in Congress. Why?

Answer 227

The Radical Republicans, who controlled Congress, thought that Lincoln’s Ten Percent Plan was too easy on the Confederate states so they denied their re-admission into the Union since re-admission was up to Congress.

Question 228

What were the terms of the Sugar Act?

Answer 228

The Sugar Act increased taxes on luxuries such as sugar.

It also provided for stronger enforcement of the Navigation Acts; any smugglers caught would be tried by an admiralty court, without a jury.

Question 229

Before Polk could assume office, what action did outgoing President John Tyler take on the Texas annexation issue?

Answer 229

Before he left, President Tyler had the entire Congress pass a joint resolution for annexation, which required fewer votes than a Senate measure. This joint resolution was a shortcut to annexing Texas.

Once Texas was annexed, all the incoming President Polk had to do was settle the boundary dispute with Great Britain/England over the Oregon Territory.

Question 230

Module 03: A New Republic

The changes to cotton and slaves from 1800 to 1860 can be directly attributed to which of the following?

1. The dependence of the North on Southern cotton to support its growing industry.
2. The expansion of slavery into new states and territories in the Northwest.
3. The acquisition of Cuba by the United States specifically to grow cotton.
4. The reliance of France on American cotton for military uniforms.

Answer 230

1. The dependence of the North on Southern cotton to support its growing industry.

Question 231

Module 04: American Civil War

How did the Siege of Vicksburg fit into an overall Union war strategy?

1. Control of the area would divide the South from critical supply lines.
2. Control of the Southern capital would undermine their government.
3. It was a defensive plan aimed to maintain control of federal forts.
4. It used mostly African American troops to demoralize the South.

Answer 231

1. Control of the area would divide the South from critical supply lines.

Question 232

Module 03: A New Republic

What served as the major impetus to the reform movements of the 19th century?

1. U.S. Constitution
2. Transcendentalism
3. Utopianism
4. Second Great Awakening

Answer 232

4. Second Great Awakening

Question 233

What powers did the Constitutional Convention eventually provide the President?

Answer 233

• Engage in foreign policy as the nation’s representative
• Have a four-year term limit (but could be re-elected to multiple terms)
• Veto legislation passed by Congress

Question 234

What was the Stono Rebellion?

Answer 234

On Sunday, September 9, 1739, 20 enslaved people got together near the Stono River to start a rebellion. They went into a store to get guns but in the process killed the gunshop owner and some of the workers who resisted. At their greatest, they numbered 100 freedmen.

Once armed, they went to several plantations:

• Freeing people from their enslavement
• Killing enslavers who had been cruel
• Sparing the ones who had been kind

Question 235

Explain the major effects of Nat Turner’s Rebellion

Answer 235

Nat Turner was captured and executed with 17 other enslaved Black people, while the other enslaved escaped.

Broadly speaking, it affected southern slavery by making laws with harsher punishments for people who taught their enslaved people how to read. Southern states, starting with Virginia, would also make it illegal for enslaved people to preach Christianity.

Question 236

Lincoln’s Ten Percent Plan

Answer 236

Lincoln proposed that for a state to be readmitted to the Union, it had to fulfill two requirements:

1. Agree to abolish slavery.
2. 10% of the total number of voters from 1860 had to take an oath of future loyalty to the United States.

Given the relative ease of Lincoln’s proposal, the states of Tennessee, Arkansas, and Louisiana fulfilled Lincoln’s requirements. They applied for readmission during the middle of the Civil War in 1863 since only 10% of the population needed to reapply for re-admission.

Question 237

Module 03: A New Republic

Which of the following groups of people would most support the Hartford Convention?

1. Southern plantation owners
2. Native Americans
3. New England merchants
4. Western frontiersmen

Answer 237

3. New England merchants

Question 238

In 1824, and again in 1828, the House passed tariffs that increased the cost of imported goods from Britain, in an effort to protect New England manufacturing. The 1828 Tariff was widely resented in the South. What did Southerners call the 1828 Tariff?

Answer 238

They nicknamed the 1828 Tariff the “Tariff of Abominations.” Ironically, the Tariff had been originally proposed by South Carolina Congressman John C. Calhoun.

In response to the Tariff of Abominations, the British sharply reduced their cotton imports from the South, ravaging the South’s economic base.

Question 239

How did Thomas Jefferson justify independence from Great Britain in the Declaration of Independence (July 4, 1776)?

Answer 239

Although Jefferson set out specific grievances (for example, that the King had “dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness of his invasions on the rights of the people”), he also established the right of the people to declare independence when their government violates the people’s natural rights.

Question 240

Where did the South export most of its cotton?

Answer 240

Most cotton was sent in bales to Britain. There, the British turned the cotton into finished cloth.

At the time of the Civil War, many in the South predicted British intervention due to Britain’s dependence on Southern cotton.

Question 241

Why was the Second Bank of America (Chartered 1816) blamed for the Panic of 1819?

Answer 241

The Second Bank of the United States responded to the inflation that resulted from the end of the War of 1812 by tightening public credit. As a result, the economy collapsed.

The West was especially hard-hit as the government foreclosed on farms and debtors were thrown into prison. As a result, the Bank was exceedingly unpopular in the West.

Question 242

What were the Virginia Resolves?

Answer 242

Passed by Virginia’s House of Burgesses (Virginia’s Colonial Government), the British government had no right to tax the people without their consent.

Question 243

The First Congress passed the Judiciary Act of 1789. What did the Act accomplish?

Answer 243

• Placed five associate justices and one Chief Justice on the Supreme Court
• Established 13 District Courts – one for each state
• Organized three Courts of Appeals as a layer between the District and Supreme Courts

Question 244

Why did Free Soilers wanted to ban all Blacks from the Mexican Cession?

Answer 244

With their slogan of “Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men,” Free Soilers hoped to keep the Mexican Cession free of Blacks so that whites could provide the labor force on small farms, known as homesteads, sold to them by the federal government.

Question 245

Module 03: A New Republic

Which of the following accurately describes both the South and slavery in 19th-century America?

1. The American South was surpassed by Mexico in the number of slaves doing labor.
2. The rate of natural increase in the slave population had more than made up for the ban on the international slave trade.
3. The proportion of slaves in the South as a whole made up only 10 percent of the population.
4. The slaves’ most important task was providing labor in factories that produced goods to be exported to European nations.

Answer 245

2. The rate of natural increase in the slave population had more than made up for the ban on the international slave trade.

Question 246

Module 04: American Civil War

Question refers to the excerpt below.

“Every time a bunch of No’thern sojers (soldiers) would come through they would tell us we was free and we’d begin celebratin’ … [but] before we would get through somebody else would tell us to go back to work, and we would go. Some of us wanted to jine (join) up with the army, but we didn’t know who was goin’ to win and didn’t take no chances.”—Ambrose Douglass, a former slave in North Carolina

What does this quote suggest about the limits of the Emancipation Proclamation?

1. Slaves were eager to experience freedom, to fight for it, and were confident the North would protect them.
2. Not all slaves left plantations immediately in response to the news out of fear that it was not permanent.
3. Most former slaves enlisted in the Union army as soon as Union troops delivered news of the document.
4. The document ended up having little effect on slavery, as the majority of slaves did not believe it was true.

Answer 246

2. Not all slaves left plantations immediately in response to the news out of fear that it was not permanent.

Question 247

Why did Pierce make the Gadsden Purchase (1853)?

Answer 247

It was hoped that a Southern transcontinental railroad would be built through the area.

Named for the diplomat who negotiated the treaty, the Gadsden Purchase comprised much of southern Arizona and part of southern New Mexico.

Question 248

Module 02: Colonies at War

Which of the following was the most significant outcome of the Seven Years’ War?

1. American Indians won protection for some ancestral lands.
2. France as an imperial power disappeared from North America.
3. Colonists rallied behind Great Britain in supporting the war effort.
4. Britain and Spain transferred some territorial claims between them.

Answer 248

2. France as an imperial power disappeared from North America.

Question 249

What did Thoreau argue in his essay Civil Disobedience?

Answer 249

Thoreau contended that individuals have a duty to disobey when the government enacts laws that violate one’s conscience.

Thoreau was primarily motivated by the injustice of slavery and his own opposition to the Mexican-American War. Civil Disobedience influenced figures such as Gandhi and Martin Luther King Jr.

Question 250

How did the Civil War affect both Northern and Southern women on the home front?

Answer 250

While men were fighting, women both North and South had to manage farms and plantations, and many women took positions in the factories churning out war materials.

Although women abandoned the factory jobs and gladly accepted the return of men to help on the farm, their wartime sacrifices increased calls for equal rights for women.

Question 251

Who were the Know-Nothings?

Answer 251

With a strong presence in New York City and the Border States, the American Party, commonly known as the Know-Nothings, was a nativist party, with membership limited to Protestants of British-American ancestry. The Know-Nothings sought to bar further immigration.

The nickname “Know-Nothing” came from the party’s secrecy; members were ordered to respond “I know nothing” when questioned about party activities.

Question 252

Module 03: A New Republic

Which of the following most directly contributed to the Adams-Onis Treaty?

1. Spain was losing money and interest in maintaining its colonies in North America. Many were becoming independent or being ceded to other nations.
2. Spain wanted compensation for what it saw as the betrayal of France. This was the taking back and then selling of the Louisiana Territory to the United States.
3. Florida had been claimed by American troops during the War of 1812. Fighting with the few Spanish forts there harmed relations with Spain.
4. Florida had become a refuge for runaway slaves and American Indians. These groups were raiding white settlements near the border with Georgia.

Answer 252

4. Florida had become a refuge for runaway slaves and American Indians. These groups were raiding white settlements near the border with Georgia.

Question 253

Module 03: A New Republic

Which of the following is true of the Trail of Tears?

1. Forced removal to Indian Country was a unique experience of Cherokee Indians.
2. The events of the enforced resettlement led to disease and even death for some.
3. Chief John Ross encouraged native peoples to resettle before it was enforced.
4. Effects of this removal are overstated, as other groups had a far worse experience.

Answer 253

2. The events of the enforced resettlement led to disease and even death for some.

Question 254

Module 03: A New Republic

Why did the application of Missouri territory for statehood cause two years of intense debate?

1. It applied to become a free state, but there were already slave owners living there who would be forced to leave or free their slaves.
2. It applied to become a slave state, but the Tallmadge amendment had wide support, which would force it to abolish slavery at once.
3. Congress had not yet determined an official process for admitting new states from the area known as the Louisiana Purchase.
4. Congress was concerned about how admitting it as a slave state would affect representation and the balance of power between states.

Answer 254

1. It applied to become a free state, but there were already slave owners living there who would be forced to leave or free their slaves.

Question 255

Module 03: A New Republic

“Build, therefore, your own world. As fast as you conform your life to the pure idea in your mind, that will unfold its great proportions. A correspondent revolution in things will attend the influx of the spirit.”

The 1836 passage above exemplifies which of the following intellectual trends?

1. Evangelicalism
2. Transcendentalism
3. Abolitionism
4. Temperance

Answer 255

2. Transcendentalism

Question 256

Why did Madison ask Congress for a declaration of war against Britain in 1812?

Answer 256

Throughout his first term, Madison had done his best to stay neutral in the decades-long conflict between France and Britain. Continued impressment by the British Navy, the blockade of the American coast, and the pressure of the War Hawks led to Madison’s request that Congress declare war.

Ironically, after war was declared, Madison received word that the British had agreed to stop their blockade.

Question 257

What was the Constitutional Convention’s initial purpose?

Answer 257

To revise the Articles of Confederation.

The Constitutional Convention’s initial purpose was to revise the Articles of Confederation. A group of strong nationalists, including James Madison and Alexander Hamilton, convinced the Convention to draft an entirely new governing document.

George Washington presided over the meeting since he was widely respected throughout the 13 colonies.

Question 258

Module 03: A New Republic

Which of the following ideas eased Thomas Jefferson’s discomfort with the Louisiana Purchase?

1. Congress ratified an amendment to authorize the sale.
2. Spain was no longer a threat to American expansion.
3. Obtaining land would protect the farming culture.
4. Few people from foreign nations lived there.

Answer 258

3. Obtaining land would protect the farming culture.

Question 259

Greenbacks

Answer 259

Greenbacks were paper currency, issued by the North during the Civil War. Unlike most currency, Greenbacks were not directly convertible into gold.

During the Civil War, prices in the North rose 80%, attributable, in part, to Greenbacks.

Question 260

Module 03: A New Republic

The question refers to the excerpt below.

“Too much has already been saying and written about woman’s sphere … Wendell Phillips says, ‘The best and greatest thing one is capable of doing, that is his sphere.’ … Leave women, then, to find their sphere. And do not tell us before we are born even, that our province is to cook dinners, darn stockings, and sew on buttons.”—Lucy Stone

Which of the following statements best connects the excerpt to cultural developments the author witnessed?

1. Stone refers to the Cult of Domesticity, arguing that it denies women their right to determine their own way in life.
2. Stone refers to the Second Great Awakening, crediting it with enriching women’s lives beyond the duties of home.
3. Stone refers to the Godey’s Lady’s Book, explaining that women do not need instruction from men on common chores.
4. Stone refers to The Liberator, attacking the publication and its editor as excluding women from the cause of abolition.

Answer 260

1. Stone refers to the Cult of Domesticity, arguing that it denies women their right to determine their own way in life.

Question 261

Module 04: American Civil War

Question refers to the excerpt below.

“The people of the State of South Carolina, in Convention assembled, on the 26th day of April, A.D. 1852, declared that the frequent violations of the Constitution of the United States, by the Federal Government, and its encroachments upon the reserved rights of the States, fully justified this State in then withdrawing from the Federal Union; but in deference to the opinions and wishes of the other slaveholding States, she forbore at that time to exercise this right. Since that time, these encroachments have continued to increase, and further forbearance ceases to be a virtue.”—From the Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union, 1860

According to this excerpt, what issue was the main basis for South Carolina’s secession?

1. Election results
2. States’ rights
3. Nullification
4. Slavery

Answer 261

2. States’ rights

Question 262

Why did the presidential election of 1828 saw a vast increase in white male voters compared to previous elections.

Answer 262

Changes in many states’ electoral laws had removed the rule that a voter must own land in order to vote. Thousands of newly enfranchised white male voters flocked to the polls, many of them supporting Andrew Jackson.

Question 263

What caused the New York City Draft Riots?

Answer 263

The Riots broke out in July 1863, and had a number of causes, including fear among Irish immigrants that if drafted, their jobs would go to Blacks and be unavailable after the War, as well as anger that payment of $300, a large amount in 1863, enabled one to avoid the draft.

Blacks and wealthy whites were attacked, and several homes were burned. By the time the Riot ended with the arrival of federal troops, 117 people had died.

Question 264

Transcendentalism

Answer 264

Transcendentalism was a philosophical movement that started in the early 1800s but peaked in interest during the 1830s and 1840s. People who were followers of this movement criticized organized religion, industrial society, slavery, and the subjugation of women.

Transcendentalists argued that when individual people were self-reliant, they could be at their best, and ideal communities could be formed from such self-reliant people.

Brooks Farm was one attempt at creating a type of transcendentalist community “utopia”.

Question 265

How did New York City become the country’s commercial center and its largest city by the 1820s?

Answer 265

1. Railroads: New York marked the terminus of many Western railroads, which meant that agricultural products were shipped to New York and New York shipped finished goods to the Midwest
2. Banking: New York banks proved adept at lending capital to distant farmers, in both the West and South
3. Shipping: New York became the largest harbor in the United States, and transported Western agricultural products and finished goods overseas

Question 266

John Wilkes Booth’s assassination of President Lincoln was part of a larger conspiracy. Who else was targeted?

Answer 266

The conspiracy was an attempt to completely disable the Union government and targeted Vice President Johnson and Secretary of State William Seward.

The man charged with attacking Johnson spent the evening drinking and never attempted his task. Seward was stabbed, but narrowly survived.

Question 267

the Nullification Crisis

Answer 267

South Carolina told the US government that it didn’t have to follow federal law anymore, specifically, the Tariff of Abominations.

By doing this, South Carolina was, in effect, “nullifying” the law/tariff. According to the John Marshall Supreme Court, Federal power had always been favored over State power. So when South Carolina was still unwilling to follow the law, it caused a crisis since a state was being disloyal to the union by refusing to follow the federal law, which had already been upheld by the Supreme Court.

Question 268

Module 03: A New Republic

Which of the following placed into federal law the idea of resettling American Indians west of the Mississippi River?

1. Indian Removal Act
2. Treaty of New Echota
3. Cherokee Nation v. State of Georgia
4. Act Regarding the Civilization of the Indian Tribes

Answer 268

1. Indian Removal Act

Question 269

What resulted from the meeting of the First Continental Congress in 1774?

Answer 269

Delegates from the 13 colonies (except Georgia) met in Philadelphia and:

• Asked for relief from the Intolerable acts.
• Passed the Suffolk Resolves.
• Which called for more local militias and increased boycott of British goods.

Question 270

Jefferson opposed Hamilton’s view of the Constitution. What was Jefferson’s view?

Answer 270

Jefferson felt that a strong central government would be detrimental to the rights of the states. Jefferson argued that Congress’ powers were specifically limited to those which were enumerated in the Constitution.

Question 271

1861 and 1862 Confiscation Acts

Answer 271

The First Confiscation Act allowed U.S. forces to confiscate the property of those engaged in rebellion against the Union.

The Second Confiscation Act freed slaves of persons engaged in active rebellion against the Union

The confiscated property included enslaved people, since that’s what they were under American law, who were deemed contraband-of-war, or “contrabands” for short. As the Union Army moved into the South, the contrabands fleed for the freedom of Union Army camps, many of them picking up guns, putting on uniforms, and fighting for the Union.

Question 272

Module 02: Colonies at War

Which statement best describes the position of the Jeffersonians, or Democratic-Republicans?

1. They wanted to compensate American Indians for lost lands and establish a monarchy.
2. They wanted to return American Indian lands near the frontier and abolish the presidency.
3. They supported a national bank, a strong central government, and the prevention of internal dissent.
4. They were against a national bank, wanted stronger state governments, and encouraged debate.

Answer 272

4. They were against a national bank, wanted stronger state governments, and encouraged debate.

Question 273

What do Land Speculators do?

Answer 273

• Purchase land
• Don’t occupy it themselves
• Sell it to other people when the value of their land goes up

This is still common practice today.

Back in the 1830s, just like today, in order to be a land speculator, you needed significant capital. And if you don’t have the necessary capital, you need to go to a bank and get a loan; enter finance capitalism

Question 274

Module 03: A New Republic

“Still, though a slaveholder, I freely acknowledge my obligation as a man; and I am bound to treat humanely the fellow creatures whom God has entrusted to my charge … It is certainly in the interest of all, and I am convinced it is the desire of every one of us, to treat our slaves with proper kindness.”—Letter from former South Carolina governor James Henry Hammond, 1845*

The ideas of Hammond are most clearly an example of which of the following mid-19th century developments?

1. The increasingly liberal nature of slavery after the South enforced stronger slave codes
2. The growing use by Northern antislavery activists of moral arguments
3. The increasing number of freed slaves in Southern states as a result of gradual emancipation laws
4. The growing tendency of Southern slaveholders to use the paternal ethos to justify slavery

Answer 274

4. The growing tendency of Southern slaveholders to use the paternal ethos to justify slavery

Question 275

Upstate New York was known as “The Burned-Over District.” Why?

Answer 275

Upstate New York saw large numbers of revival meetings, where ministers such as Charles G. Finney converted so many people that the area was lit with the “fire of religious devotion”.

Upstate New York also saw the birth of new Christian sects including Seventh Day Adventism and Mormonism.

Question 276

What did Andrew Jackson call the “Hydra of Corruption”?

Answer 276

The Second Bank of the United States

Jackson felt that the Bank was unconstitutional, and only served the wealthy. Jackson declared war on the Bank, and on its President, Nicholas Biddle. It did not help the Bank’s public image that Biddle was arrogant and unpopular.

Question 277

How many slaves did the Emancipation Proclamation free?

Answer 277

The Emancipation Proclamation freed no enslaved people in the Union-controlled states, as it applied solely to those areas in rebellion against the Union.

Tens of thousands of enslaved people, as a result of this proclamation, were liberated. As the war continued, this executive order by Lincoln meant that the more land came under Union control, the more enslaved people would be freed.

Question 278

Who was elected as President of the Confederacy at Montgomery?

Answer 278

Jefferson Davis of Mississippi

Davis was a former Senator, Secretary of War, and Mexican-American War soldier.

Question 279

Module 03: A New Republic

Which of the following was a direct result of the Missouri Compromise?

1. The outlawing of slavery in states admitted after Missouri
2. The creation of the state of Maine
3. The end of balance between free and slave states
4. The creation of Missouri as a free state

Answer 279

2. The creation of the state of Maine

Question 280

Why did Mexico, after it won independence from Spain in 1823, Mexico invite Americans to settle Texas’ northern frontier?

Answer 280

The Mexican government had neither the troops nor funds to protect the state from raids by the Comanche Indian Tribe. Mexico hoped that a strong group of settlers along the northern frontier would protect the state.

The response was overwhelming. By 1830, Americans in Texas outnumbered Mexicans by 3 to 1.

Many Americans arrived from the South and brought their enslaved people with them.

Question 281

What changes did the factory system experience from 1820 to 1850?

Answer 281

In the 1820s, factories had primarily been used for the textile industry, while other professions, such as shoemaking and clothesmaking, had been done by artisans at home. By the 1850s, most artisans had been shunted aside and factories mass-produced goods, ranging from boots to firearms, with the use of unskilled labor.

Factories were able to expand due to the rapid influx of cheap labor, mainly Irish and German immigrants.

Question 282

How did new farming innovations such as Cyrus McCormick’s reaper in 1831 and John Deere’s steel plow (1837) fuel the growth of urban centers?

Answer 282

New farming implements (and larger farms in the American West) meant that for the first time, farmers were able to produce surplus goods, beyond merely what they needed to sustain themselves and their families.

These surplus goods were shipped to the new urban centers that were springing up along canals and railroads.

Question 283

What were the South’s military disadvantages during the Civil War?

Answer 283

1. Lack of manpower: the South fielded significantly fewer troops than the North.
2. Lack of industry: an agrarian economy at the outset of the War, the South lacked an industrial base, and was chronically short of arms and ammunition.
3. Lack of a navy: although large numbers of U.S. Army officers joined the Confederacy, the U.S. Navy drew from New England, and remained loyal.

Question 284

Module 03: A New Republic

After the War of 1812, disputes with Great Britain over land ownership and use in North America were settled primarily by

1. further military action
2. diplomatic negotiation
3. residents in the areas
4. trade agreements

Answer 284

2. diplomatic negotiation

Question 285

Module 04: American Civil War

What is the connection between the event shown on this map and the start of the American Civil War?

1. The 1860 election had no clear winner, causing deadlock in Congress and the walkout of Southern leaders.
2. The election of Abraham Lincoln sparked outrage in the South and led to the secession of several states.
3. During the campaign, Abraham Lincoln promised to end slavery as his first priority if elected president.
4. During the campaign, Southern members of Congress threatened secession if Breckinridge did not win.

Answer 285

2. The election of Abraham Lincoln sparked outrage in the South and led to the secession of several states.

Question 286

What were the key provisions of the Land Ordinance of 1787?

Answer 286

One of two major pieces of legislation passed under the Articles of Confederation, the Northwest Ordinance:

1. Set rules for creating new states;
2. Banned slavery in the new states of the Northwest;
3. Provided for limited self-government in territories not yet made states

Question 287

Pet banks

Answer 287

Local banks, rather than the Second Bank of the United States. Following his reelection in 1832, Jackson had withdrawn the United States’ funds from the Bank of the United States, and deposited them in pet banks.

Question 288

the Gag Rule Debates

Answer 288

Between 1831-1836, William Lloyd Garrison and other abolitionists sent anti-slavery petitions to Congress. Rather than hear the petitions, in 1836 Congress voted to table any anti-slavery petition without debate, known as a gag rule. From 1836 until the gag rule was repealed in 1844, Congress repeatedly debated whether to keep the gag rule in place.

Question 289

Module 04: American Civil War

Why do images of John Brown, such as this one, vary so much in their portrayal of the man?

1. Few images of Brown exist from the time, so artists can only guess at his actual appearance.
2. Brown was convicted and executed as a criminal, yet he was seen as a hero by many abolitionists.
3. Few supporters of Brown existed during his time, yet that changed after his death.
4. Brown was suspected of insanity, and some artists focus on that instead of his acts.

Answer 289

2. Brown was convicted and executed as a criminal, yet he was seen as a hero by many abolitionists.

Question 290

The cult of domesticity

Answer 290

Held that women were the moral leaders of the home, and that it was a woman’s role to ensure children were raised to follow democratic principles and to provide a quiet and relaxing environment for their husbands, separate from the sphere of industry.