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Anatomy Midterm > Physiology Midterm > Flashcards

Physiology Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Main function of respiratory system

A

Suppy body with oxygen & dispose of carbon + buffer pH of body fluids

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2
Q

4 stages of respiration

A
  • 1) Pulmonary ventilation: moving air into and out of lungs (breathing)
  • 2) external respiration: gas exchange between lungs and blood
  • 3) Transport: of oxygen and carbon dioxide between lungs and tissues
  • 4) Internal respiration: gas exchange between systemic blood vessels and tissues
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3
Q

Nose function

A

provides airway for respiration, moistening & warming entering air, filtering inspired air, resonating chamber for speech, olfactory receptors for smell

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4
Q

Nasal cavity

A

cilia cells within creates a current, mucous and trapped contaminants towards throat, cold air exposure decreases cilia movement

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5
Q

Larynx

A

funnel-shaped tube of skeletal muscle. Functions include airway & route air and food to proper channels: epiglottis. functions to close off airways when swallowing food and water. Larynx also used for voice production

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6
Q

3 components of Trachea

A
  • 1) mucosa: made up of goblet cells and ciliated epithelium
  • 2) submucosa: connective tissue deep to mucosa
  • 3) adventitia: outermost layer made of C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
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7
Q

Bronchi contain

A

cartilage

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8
Q

bronchioles

A

no cartilage but has smooth muscle

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9
Q

Bronchiole dilation allows…

A

more air to flow

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10
Q

Type I pneumocytes

A

gas barrier cells

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11
Q

Type II pneumocytes

A

surfactant producers

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12
Q

Ventilation

A

act of moving air, leads to respiration

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13
Q

Respiration

A

molecular exchange between physiological systems

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14
Q

2 phases of ventilation

A
  • inspiration: air flows into lungs

- expiration: air flows out of lungs

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15
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

at constant temperature, the pressure of gas varies inversely with its volume

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16
Q

Medullary respiratory center & Pontine respiratory group are responsible for what?

A

regulation of ventilation

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17
Q

Neural control of ventilation, function:

A

to maintain arterial blood oxygen pressure and carbon dioxide pressure

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18
Q

2 mechanisms of neural control of ventilation

A

1) efferent output from cerebral cortex: voluntary control

2) automatic efferent outputL pons and medulla oblongata

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19
Q

Hypercapnia

A

greater than normal amount of carbon dioxide

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20
Q

Hypocapnia

A

lower than nomral amount of carbon dioxide

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21
Q

hypoxia

A

decrease in oxygen levels below normal values

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22
Q

Minute ventilation

A

total air moved into and out of respiratory system each minute

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23
Q

anatomic dead space

A

formed by nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles

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24
Q

physiological dead space

A

formed by anatomic dead space + volume of any alveoli in which gas exchange is less than normal

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25
Q

alveolar ventilation

A

volume of air availabe for gas exchange per min

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26
Q

Pleurae

A

double-layered sac that covers each lung

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27
Q

Parietal pleura

A

attached to chest wall, continues around heart and between lungs

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28
Q

visceral pleura

A

attached to surface of the lung

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29
Q

pleural space

A

between 2 layers of pleura, serves to lubricate membrane of lung and llow for movement and enlargement

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30
Q

Intrapulmonary pressure

A

pressure within the alveoli, increases & decreases with breathing

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31
Q

Intrapleural pressure

A

pressure within the pleural cavity, fluctuates with breathing, always less than intrapulmonary pressure

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32
Q

Inspiratory capacity

A

tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

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33
Q

functional residual capacity

A

expiratory reserve volume + residual volume (2300 mL)

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34
Q

Vital capacity

A

sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, expiratory reserve volume (4600mL)

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35
Q

total lung capacity

A

sum of inspiratory and expiratory reserve columes + tidal and residual volume (5800 mL)

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36
Q

Lung compliance

A

measure the strechability of lungs

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37
Q

Lung compliance dependant on

A

elastic tissue elements and alveolar surface tension

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38
Q

3 components of blood

A

plamsa (~60%), buffy coat (<1%), erythrocytes (~40%)

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39
Q

Functions of blood

A

substance distribution, regulation, body protection

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40
Q

composition of plasma

A
  • 90% water, proteins mostly produced by the liver (60% albumin, 36% globulins, 4% fibrinogen)
  • nitrogenous by-products
  • nutrients
  • electrolytes
  • respiratory gases
  • hormones
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41
Q

Erythrocytes (RBC)

A

98.5% of all oxygen carried by blood is done by RBC

Erythrocytoes are more than 97% hemoglobin

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42
Q

Hemoglobin can carry up to ____ oxygen molecules

A

Up to 4 (doesnt mean it always carries 4)

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43
Q

White blood cells functions

A

eliminating pathogenic agents, removal of again cells, cellular debris, wound healing, removal of cancerous cells

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44
Q

Non-specifc immune response

A

Innate, 1st defense

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45
Q

Specific immunity

A

adaptive, stronger defense to specifc pathogens

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46
Q

3 components of immune system

A
  • 1) Physical barriers: Skin (epidermis, dermis, sebaceous glands), Mucous membranes (viscous mucus traps foreign matter, respiratory, renal, gastrointestinal systems)
  • 2) Leukocytes (WBC)
  • 3) Lymphoid tissues (thymus, bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes, leukocytes development)
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47
Q

5 types of leukocytes (WBC)

A

Granulocytes (3): neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Agranulocytes (2): monocytes, lymphocytes

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48
Q

Purpose of hematology analyzer

A

determine number of WBC/volume of blood

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49
Q

Hematology analyzer measures

A

1) complete blood counts

2) differentials

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50
Q

Neutrophils

A

50-80% of all leukocytes, uses phagocytosis, in circulation for 7-10 hours, life span of 1-3 days

51
Q

Neutrophilia

A

elevated neutrophil count indicates bacterial or viral infection

52
Q

Eosinphils

A

1-4% of all leukocytes, attaches & releases toxic proteins to parasites, can trigger allergic reaction

53
Q

Basophils

A

<1% of all leukocytes, non-phagocytic cells, defense vs larger parasites through release of toxic proteins (histamine, heparin)

54
Q

Monocytes

A

2-8% of all leukocytes, phagocytosis
differential cell count:
increase due to viral or parasitic infection, or cancer
decrease due to HIV, rheumatoid arthritis
migrate to tissues, increase 5-10x in size, become macrophages

55
Q

dendritic cells

A

found in epithelial tissues, engulfs antigen, presents them to lymphocytes

56
Q

Lymphocytes

A

20-40% of all leukocytes, increases with viral infection, 99% found in interstitial fluids

57
Q

3 types of lymphocytes

A

B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, null cells

58
Q

B lymphocytes

A

differentiates into plasma cells, secretes antibodies

59
Q

T lymphocytes

A

developed in thymus gland,

3 types: cytotoxic, helper, suppressor

60
Q

Null cells

A

lack membrane components, natural killer cells

61
Q

What are platelets (thrombocytes)

A

they break off megakaryocytes, contain mitochondria, granules, no nucleus, actin & myosin\
function: triggers events leading to blood clots

62
Q

hemostasis

A

mechanism to stop bleeding

63
Q

3 steps of hemostasis

A

1) vascular spasm
2) platelet plug formation
3) blood clot formation

64
Q

Platelet plug formation

A

platelets release ADP, serotonin, epinephrin, adheres to ruptured blood vessels

65
Q

2 things necessary for platelet plug formation

A
  • 1) platelets (healthy/normal values 150-450k)
  • Thrombocytopenia: less than normal levels
  • Thrombocytosis: more than normal levels
  • 2) von Willebrand factor (vWF): plasma protein
  • secreted by megakaryocytes, platelets, endothelial cells.
  • largest of all plasma proteins, expressed in large amounts in lung tissue because it can quickly repair capillary damage at alveoli
66
Q

von Williebrand factor purpose

A

1) adhesion protein

2) binds factor VIII for coagulation

67
Q

Blood clot formation

A

Fibrin: core of blood clot
Coagulation cascade: involves factors, most synthesized in liver, always present in plasma but in inactivated form.
ex. factor VIII vs factor VIII(a)

68
Q

Activation of thrombin

A

1) intrinsic pathway: factor XII is activated (referred to as Hageman factor), contact with subendothelium leads to factor X activation, which leads to thrombin formation

2) extrinsic pathway:
- starts with tissue damage
- factor III enters plasma and forms complex with factor VII
- Factor VII becomes factor VIIa, combines with factor III
- Which leads to factor X activation to factor Xa
- Once factor X is activated, thrombin formation happens

69
Q

Anticoagulant

A

agent that inhibits blood clotting

70
Q

Tissue factor pathway inhibitor

A

produced in megakaryocytes, contained in platelets
function: bind to factor Xa leads to inactivation… results in prothrombin not being activated to become thrombin, which lowers clot formation

71
Q

Thrombomodulin

A

endothelial cell transmembrane protein, binds to thrombin, can’t active fibrinogen to fibrin, which leads to decreased clot formation, also activates protein C, intrinsic and extrinsic pathway inhibitor

72
Q

Partial pressure

A

the larger the gradient, the more rapidly diffusion will occur

73
Q

surface area of diffusion

A

reflect number of functional alveoli

74
Q

change in diffusion barrier

A

decrease levels of surfactant, thickens barrier for O2 and CO2 diffusion

75
Q

O2 and CO2 transport in blood

A

oxygen: alveoli to blood (external respiration) - tissue capillaries to tissues (internal respiration)
carbon dioxide: tissues to tissues capillaries - pulmonary capillaries to alveoli

76
Q

Dalton’s law of partial pressures

A

total pressure of any gas is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of all components of that gas

77
Q

Dissociation curve

A

graph depicting the relative amount of O2 bound to hemoglobin

78
Q

Pericardium

A

double-walled sac around the heart.
3 layers: fibrous, parietal & visceral serous
functions: anchor, protect heart, prevent overfilling of blood

79
Q

epicardium

A

visceral layer of serous pericardium

80
Q

myocardium

A

cardiac muscle layer forming bulk of heart

81
Q

endocardium

A

endothelial layer of inner myocardial surface

82
Q

Atrioventricular valve

A

valves lie between atria and ventricles

1) bicuspid: left atrium & ventricle
2) tricuspid: right atrium & ventricle

83
Q

aortic semilunar valve

A

lies between left ventricle and aorta

84
Q

pulmonary semilunar valve

A

lies between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

85
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

short loop that runs from heart - lungs

86
Q

Systemic circulation

A

routes blood through entire body - heart

87
Q

coronary circulation

A

vessles that supply and drain blood to heart muscle

88
Q

Coronary artery

A

Branch off ascending aorta, fill during diastole
left coronary: supplies 75% of myocardium blood
right coronary: 25%

89
Q

Cardiac veins (coronary veins)

A

drains blood from heart muscle, coronary sinus

90
Q

Myocardial infarction

A

caused by blockage in coronary circulation

91
Q

2 types of cardiac muscle cells

A

1) autorhythmic cells: generates little force, produce action potential and sends to contractile cells to cause heart beat
2) cardiac contractile cells: force generating cells, propel blood through 3 circulation systems

92
Q

Sinoatrial (SA) node

A

pacemaker of the heart, nodal cells

93
Q

pathway of action potential through the heart

A

1) SA node
2) AV node
3) Bundle of His
4) right & left bundle branches
5) Purkinjie fibers

94
Q

Pacemaker capacities…

A

SA: 60-100 bpm
AV: 40-60 bpm
AV bundle (bundle of His) & Purkinjie: 20-40 bpm

95
Q

AV node

A

nodal cells, slow conduction

96
Q

AV bundle

A

also known as bundle of His, extension into interventricular septum

97
Q

Purkinjie fibers

A

fastest conduction, to ventricles

98
Q

Skeletal muscle action potential

A

Resting: high extracellular Na, high intracellular K

1) Depolarization: Na influx (Na channels open, K channel start open)
2) Repolarization: K efflux (Na channels closed, K channel open)

99
Q

Cardiac muscle action potential

A

Resting: high extracellular Na and Ca, high intercellular K

1) Depolarizaiton: Na influx (Na channels open, K closed, Ca start to open)
2) Early repolarization: Ca influx (Na closed, Ca open, some K open)
3) Late repolarization: K efflux (K open)

100
Q

Autorhythmicity

A

self-generating action potentials in regular time intervals

101
Q

Autorhythmicity: Pacemaker potential

A

Na leakage into cells causes resting membrane potential to move toward threshold (K closing)

102
Q

Autorhythmicity: Depolarization phase

A

Ca channels open, K closed

103
Q

Autorhythmicity: repolarization phase

A

Ca close, K open

104
Q

P wave

A

atrial depolarization

atria relaxed

105
Q

QRS complex

A

ventricular depolarization and atrial repolarization
Atria contracted
ventricles start to contract

106
Q

t wave

A

ventricular repolarization
ventricles contract
atria relaxed

107
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

increased pressure and resistance, decreased flow

108
Q

Vasodilation

A

decreased pressure and resistance, increased flow

109
Q

Laminar flow

A

streamlined, outerlayer moves slowest due to friction - innerlayer moving fastest

110
Q

Turbulent flow

A

non-laminar, fluid passes constriction, sharp turn, rough surface,partially responsible for heart sounds

111
Q

Pulsatile flow

A

blood flow in human CV system occurs in spurts

112
Q

Blood flow

A

expressed as blood volume that passes a specific point per unit time

113
Q

Viscosity

A

measure of resistance of liquid to flow, largely influenced by hematocrit, dehydration can increase viscosity

114
Q

Hematocrit

A

% of total blood volume composed of RBC (norm = 45%)

115
Q

Systolic phase

A

period of contraction

116
Q

Diastolic phase

A

period of relaxation

117
Q

ventricular systole

A

period of ventricular contraction

118
Q

ventricular diastole

A

period of ventricular relaxation

119
Q

Systolic state

A

chamber contracts and ejects blood
Phase 1: isovolumetric contraction
Phase 2: ejection

120
Q

Diastolic state

A

Chamber fills with blood
Phase 3: isovolumetric relaxation
Phase 4: passive ventricular filling
Phase 5: active ventricular filling

121
Q

First heart sound or “lubb”

A

atrioventricular valves close at beginning of ventricular systole

122
Q

Second heart sound or “dupp”

A

closure of aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves at beginning of ventricular diastole

123
Q

Third heart sound (occasional)

A

caused by turbulent flow into ventricles

Anatomy Midterm (4 decks)

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