Equine colic Flashcards
(50 cards)
1
Q
Severe classic case
A
- acute pain
- flank watching
- pawing
- kicking belly
- up and down
- rolling
- increased HR
- decreased gut sounds
- decreased feces
- no appetite
2
Q
Mild classic case
A
- decreased appetite
- lethargic
- laying down but will get up
- decreased manure
- decreased GI sounds
- mildly increased HR
3
Q
Saliva is acidic or basic
A
basic ( buffer for acid )
- decreased production with decreased chewing
4
Q
Esophageal muscle
A
Proximal 2/3 = striated
Distal 1/3 = smooth
5
Q
Stomach
A
- 10 L capacity
- produces acid continuously
- quick transit time
6
Q
Small intestine
A
heals slower than large intestine
7
Q
Horses are hind gut- or fore gut- fermenters?
A
Hind gut fermenters ( unlike cows who are fore gut fermenters )
fermentation in Large colon and cecum
8
Q
Medical types of colic
A
- tympanic ( gas )
- spasmodic
- impaction
- poor motility ( ileum )
- inflammatory (enteritis)
9
Q
Surgical types of colic
A
- twists ( torsion/ volvulus )
- entrapments
- infarctions or emboli
- masses(intra or extra- lumens )
- displacements
10
Q
Spasmodic/tympanic colics
A
- MOST COMMON**
- gas distention
- parasitism
- any part of GIT
- can be idiopathic, due to feed change , stress, etc
11
Q
Inflammatory colics
A
- GIT ulcer
- Enteritis ( anterior colitis, lawsonia, idiopathic, or anaphylaxis
- parasitism
- peritonitis
- adhesions
12
Q
Mass related colics
A
- intraluminal or extraluminal masses
- enteroliths, fecaliths
- meconium (neonates)
- tumors
- abscesses
- foreign body
13
Q
Impaction ( simple obstruction ) colics
A
- Ingesta vs sand ( regional) vs parasites
- location varies:
ileum, pelvic flexure, cecum, small colon, stomach - outcomes vary depending on severity/ location
14
Q
Strangulating obstruction colics
A
- SI or LI
- lipoma
- mesenteric rent
- ligament or foramen entrapment
- volvulus, torsion
- inguinal or umbilical hernia
- intussusception
15
Q
Nonstrangulating obstruction colics
A
- SI or LI
- large colon displacements
- LC impactions
- LC masses
- congenital abnormalities ( or strangulating )
16
Q
Non-GIT causes of colic
A
- liver disease
- repro tract disease
- urinary tract disease
- diaphragmatic hernia
- hemoabdomen
17
Q
Predisposed to fecaliths
A
Miniature horses
18
Q
Predisposed to enteroliths
A
Arabians
19
Q
Cribbing is associated with what types of colics
A
- gas colic
- epiploic foramen entrapment
20
Q
Predisposed to large colon torsions
A
Broodmares
21
Q
Predisposed to gastric ulcers
A
performance horses
22
Q
Eating Bermuda grass hay predisposes horses to what type of colic
A
ileal impaction
23
Q
Eating high concentrate diets predisposes horses to what type of colic
A
gastric or colonic ulceration
24
Q
Eating alfalfa hay in the west coast predisposes horses to what type of colic
A
enteroliths
25
who's more likely to colic? Horses on pastures 24/7 or stalled horses?
stalled horses
26
Strangulating lipomas are more common in horses that are :
older and obese
27
Buscapan
- anticholinergic
| - falsely increases HR
28
Distended large bowel feels like
tight toenail band
29
Distended small bowel feels like
Bicycle tires
30
Normal Nasogastric reflux
- less than 1 L
- pleasant smelling
- watery reflux
31
Abnormal NG reflux
- foul smelling gas
and/ or
- greater than 2 L of malodorous, yellow or red liquid/feed
32
When not to give fluids by NG tube
- > 2 L reflux
| - concerned about obstruction or ileus
33
Severe neutropenia
think rupture or severe toxemia
34
increased GGT with what colic
Right dorsal displacement of the large colon
35
Important characteristics of abdominocentesis fluid
- Normal fluid = pale yellow
- foul fluid = GI rupture
- serosanguinous color = most rapid indicator of needed Sx
- patient needs referral if
- the fluid is turbid with high total solids
- high lactate
- high cell count
36
location of abdominocentesis
one hand with behind sternum and one hand with to the right
- to avoid the spleen
37
Evidence of medical colic
- diarrhea or colitis (diarrhea, increased GI sounds, neutropenia)
- anterior enteritis (reddish-brown NG reflux)
- fever
- high fibrinogen
- impaction palpated
- mild pain
38
Evidence of Surgical colic
- *** PAIN *** ( non responsive to appropriate analgesia
- rectal - abnormal, severe distension
- NG intubation - copious reflux
- markedly increased lactate
- abdominocentesis fluid = serosanguinous , markedly increased lactate levels
39
Medical treatment/ pre-meds for Sx tx :
- analgesics (alpha 2 agonists), (partial mu antagonist opioid), (NSAIDs)
- Spasmolytics ( Buscopan )
- CRIs ( lidocaine, detomidine )
40
enteral fluid components ( given only if < 2 L NG reflux)
- MgSO4 = osmotic
- mineral oil ( lubricate ingest )
- dioctyl sodium succinate (surfactant to reduce gas bubbles)
- psyllium and mineral oil ( for sand )
41
Colloids MUST be followed with what within 1 hour
crystalloids
42
Therapies used during medical management of colic
- repeated NG decompression
- trocarization
- withhold feed ( reintroduce slowly after colic is gone, pain meds wore off, and horse is passing manure
43
Prognosis ( large colon displacement )
excellent usually
44
Prognosis ( large colon torsion)
guarded , worsens with duration
45
Prognosis (small intestinal lesions)
guarded, depending on degree of bowel damage
46
complications of colic
- surgical anesthesia - related
- incisional infections
- post op ileus
- peritonitis ( fibrin on necropsy )
- repeat colic/ adhesions
- laminitis
- jugular vein thrombosis
- pneumonia
47
Tx of left dorsal displacement of the colon ( some )
- phenylephrine
| - lunging
48
Lawsonia intracellularis causes :
- proliferative enteropathy
CS - lethargy, inappetence, intermittent diarrhea, weight loss, ventral edema due to marked hypoproteinemia
49
MC age horses get Lawsonia intracellularis :
foals 4 - 6 months of age
- can affect foals from 3- 12 months old though
50
Treatment of Lawsonia intracellularis
Tetracyclines
