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Clinical Refraction > Refractive Status > Flashcards

Refractive Status Flashcards

1
Q

Distance at infinity

A

At 20ft or 6m

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2
Q

Distance beyond infinity

A

beyond 20ft or 6m

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3
Q

Distance within infinity

A

Within 20ft or 6m

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4
Q

PPF means?

A

Posterior principal focus

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5
Q

used to describe the measurement of the posterior principal focus of the eye’s refractive mechanism and the retina of the same eye, with accommodation at rest

A

Static refraction

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6
Q

In static refraction, the eye is looking (at, beyond, within) infinity

A

at infinity

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7
Q

It is used when the refractive power of the eye is determined when accommodation is not at rest or accommodation is active

A

Dynamic refraction

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8
Q

In dynamic refraction, the eye is looking (at, beyond, within) infinity

A

within infinity

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9
Q

Variations from perfect coincidence of posterior principal focus of the eye with the retina

A

Refractive Anomalies or Errors of Refraction

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10
Q

A perfect optical system converges incident parallel rays of light to a _____ point.

A

Single point

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11
Q

The human eyes are a/an (perfect/ imperfect) optical system

A

imperfect

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12
Q

The incident parallel rays of light converge to form a circle called?

A

The circle of least confusion

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13
Q

Refractive status with accommodation at rest, wherein incident parallel rays of light converge to form the circle of least confusion UPON THE RETINA

A

Emmetropia

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14
Q

Refractive status with accommodation at rest, wherein incident parallel rays of light converge to form the circle of least confusion INFRONT OF THE RETINA

A

Myopia

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15
Q

Refractive status with accommodation at rest, wherein incident parallel rays of light converge to form the circle of least confusion BEHIND THE RETINA

A

Hyperopia

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16
Q

Refractive status with accommodation at rest, wherein incident parallel rays of light do not focus anywhere in the optical system

A

Astigmatism

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17
Q

In an astigmatic eye, no single focus exists in the retina due to differing power of the various _____ of the eye.

A

meridians

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18
Q

Premature children usually exhibit what EOR?

A

Hyperopia

19
Q

The hyperopia in premature children may disappear within?

A

The first year of life

20
Q

Weigh of premature children at birth

A

less than 1,200 grams

21
Q

There is a high incidence of hyperopia during birth because?

A

Because at birth, the size of the eyeballs is small

22
Q

True or false

Emmetropia is common in newborn

A

FALSE. Emmetropic newborn babies are rare

23
Q

As age increases to school years, there will be an increase in (myopia, hyperopia)

A

Myopia

24
Q

If a 6-year-old child has an EOR of 0 to +0.50D, the child will likely become (myopic, hyperopic, emmetropic)

A

Myopic

25
Q

If a 6-year-old child has an EOR of +0.50 to +1.25D, the child will likely become (myopic, hyperopic, emmetropic)

A

Emmetropic

26
Q

If a 6-year-old child is myopic, the child will likely become (myopic, hyperopic, emmetropic)

A

Myopic

27
Q

In a mature individual, the trend towards _____ exceeds that towards _____.

A

hyperopia, myopia

28
Q

In matured individuals, low myopia will:

a. increase
b. decrease
c. remain constant

A

Low myopia will remain relatively constant

29
Q

High myopia increases slightly from what ages?

A

ages 60-75

30
Q

High myopia increases slightly from ages 60-75, probably due to?

A

cataract formation

31
Q

Mid-Europeans show increased (myopia, hyperopia) than Scandinavians

A

myopia

32
Q

Negroes and Eskimos show little _____ but more_____.

A

myopia, hyperopia

33
Q

Japanese and Chinese show a high incidence of (myopia, hyperopia)

A

myopia

34
Q

Egyptians are more (myopic, hyperopic) than Sudanese

A

myopic

35
Q

Jews are more (myopic, hyperopic) than non-Jews

A

myopic

36
Q

There is (little, high) difference observed in refractive status for sexes

A

little difference

37
Q

Girls appear to become (myopic, hyperopic) at an earlier age

A

Myopic

38
Q

True or False:

The association of nutrition and diet to refractive status is indecisive

A

TRUE. Different reports contradict each other.

39
Q

True or False:

Ametropia has a genetic basis

A

True

40
Q

The association of refractive status with intelligence was made by?

A

Tscherning (1883) and Seggel (1884)

41
Q

(Myopia, Hyperopia) is predominant among desk and professional workers

A

Myopia

42
Q

True or False:

Desk and professional workers were assumed to be non-intellectuals back then.

A

FALSE. They were assumed as intellectuals.

43
Q

An association of (myopia, hyperopia) with mental deficiency has been reported.

A

hyperopia

Clinical Refraction (4 decks)

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