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Clinical Exercise Physiology > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

PAD

A

Peripheral Artery Disease

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2
Q

Caused by atherosclerosis lesions in the arteries of the lower extremities that restrict blood flow distally

A

PAD

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3
Q

third leading cause of cardiovascular morbidity

A

PAD

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4
Q

Who is more affected from PAD

A

men and women equally

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5
Q

Who is at highest risk for PAD

A

The older you get the more risk, as well as African Americans

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6
Q

most potent risk factor for developing PAD

A

cigarette smoking

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7
Q

Signs and symptoms of __ include

  • pain in legs with exertion
  • hair loss
  • cold or numb toes
  • absent pulses in the feet
  • smoot shiny skin
  • muscle atrophy
A

PAD

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8
Q

PAD diagnostic test

A

ABI

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9
Q

Normal range for ABI

A

.9-1.0

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10
Q

.4-.69 is in what range for PAD

A

moderate disease

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11
Q

severe disease for PAD is classified by what ABI value

A

less than .4

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12
Q

mild disease range for ABI test

A

.7-.89

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13
Q

Normal BP range

A

<120, AND <80

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14
Q

elevated BP range

A

120-129, AND <80

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15
Q

Stage 1 Hypertension

A

130-139, OR 80-89

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16
Q

Stage 2 hyper tension

A

> 140, OR >90

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17
Q

Hypertensive Crisis

A

> 180 AND/OR >120

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18
Q

What population is most impacted from HTN

A

non-hispanic black adults

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19
Q

90% of cases as essential hypertension are caused from what things?

A

genetics, age, stress, obesity, DM, insulin resistance, alcohol abuse, sedentary lifestyle, high salt, low potassium

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20
Q

Why does HTN increase with age?

A

people become increasingly exposed to factors like inflammation and stress, as well as renal disorders which put them at risk for greater chance of HTN, as well as more changes to the body’s vaculature

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21
Q

the relationship between BMI and BP is ___

A

linear

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22
Q

Hypertension can cause issues like ___ failure, and____ resistance

A

renal failure, and insulin resistance & stress

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23
Q

With hypertension you will need clinical clearance from ?

A

PCP

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24
Q

Hypertensive BP values before exercise for aerobic activity

A

below 200/110 mm HG

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25
Q

Hypertensive BP values before exercise for strength training

A

below 180/110 mm HG

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26
Q

when do you stop exercise for a hypertensive client (BP values)

A

BP exceeds 250/115 OR isf SBP drops >10 mm Hg from baseline

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27
Q

Exercise prescription of someone with HTN

A

aerobic training most days of the week with 2-3 days of resistance training

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28
Q

considerations for exercise with HTN

A

post exercise hypotension, Valsalva maneuver, medication impact

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29
Q

CVA (cerebrovascular accident)

A

stroke

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30
Q

sudden death of brain cells following ischemia or hemorrhage

A

stroke

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31
Q

risk factors for stroke

A

inactivity, smoking, hypertension

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32
Q

occurs when blood flow to part of the brain is obstructed leading to loss of brain function or death

A

stroke

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33
Q

stroke resulting from thrombosis or embolism

A

ischemic

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34
Q

stroke caused by a rupture of a vessel in the brain and leaking of blood into the brain tissue or cerebrospinal fluid

A

hemorrhagic stroke

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35
Q

How long should an exercise test last?

A

8-12 minutes, 1-3 minute stages. Ramped protocol (increase in workload throughout)

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36
Q

what is the ramped recommendation for exercise testing?

A

1 MET per minute

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37
Q

example of isometric contraction during exercise testing

A

gripping handrails or handlebars

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38
Q

should isometric contractions be included in exercise testing

A

no, avoid all isometric contractions

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39
Q

what modality should be utilized during exercise testing?

A

large muscle groups, unless the patient has orthopedic or peripheral limitations

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40
Q

Room temperature during exercise testing

A

72 degrees Fahrenheit, with less than 60% humidity

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41
Q
  • informed consent
  • review patients medical history
  • obtaining resting vital signs
  • test explanations

these are all part of what phase of exercise testing

A

pre-test

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42
Q

during the pretest of exercise testing how should vital signs be obtained

A

at rest, with supine and standing BP to check for orthostatic hypotension

43
Q

these are ____ contraindication of exercise testing

  • uncontrolled cardiac dysrhythmia
  • symptomatic severe aortic stenosis
  • acute systematic infection
  • suspected or known dissecting aneurysm
  • unstable angina
  • recent MI within the past 2 days
A

ABSOLUTE

44
Q

These are ___ contraindication of exercise testing
- left main coronary stenosis
-moderate stenotic valvular disease
-electrolyte abnormalities
-arterial HTN ( >200,>110) at rest
-tachy or brady
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
NM, MS, or rheumatoid disorders exacerbated by exercise
-High degree AV block
-ventricular aneurysm
-uncontrolled metabolic disease (diabetes)
-chronic infectious disease
-mental or physical impairment making exercise inadequate

A

relative

45
Q

examples of relative contraindication of exercise testing include

A
  • left main coronary stenosis
    -moderate stenotic valvular disease
    -electrolyte abnormalities
    -arterial HTN ( >200,>110) at rest
    -tachy or brady
    hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
    NM, MS, or rheumatoid disorders exacerbated by exercise
    -High degree AV block
    -ventricular aneurysm
    -uncontrolled metabolic disease (diabetes)
    -chronic infectious disease
    -mental or physical impairment making exercise inadequate
46
Q

example of absolute contraindication of exercise testing include

A
  • uncontrolled cardiac dysrhythmia
  • symptomatic severe aortic stenosis
  • acute systematic infection
  • suspected or known dissecting aneurysm
  • unstable angina
  • recent MI within the past 2 days
47
Q

how much should HR increase with each increasing MET through exercise testing

A

10 + 2 beats per minute

48
Q

during an exercise test you should obtain maximal

A

BP, HR , RPE, and ECG readings

49
Q

Bruce Protocol

A

most common treadmill test

3 minute stages that increase in speed and grade each stage

50
Q

Modified Bruce Protocol

A

designed for individuals who are unable to exercise vigorously
shorter stages and increase more progressively
commonly used to assess myocardial ischemia

51
Q

What exercise testing method is commonly used to test myocardial ischemia

A

Modified bruce protocol

52
Q

modified balke protocol

A

submax protocol with constant speed and increasing grade
normally exceeds 8-12 minutes
terminate at a predetermined RPE

53
Q

Modified Naughton protocol

A

commonly used in patients with CAD

highly effective in detecting ischemic abnormalities following MI

54
Q

exercise test commonly used in patients with CAD

A

Modified Naughton Protocol

55
Q

cycle ergometer testing is good for what population of patients

A

those who have ambulatory, orthopedic, or peripheral limitations

56
Q

what is a better option for arm ergometer testing

A

pharmalogical stress testing

57
Q

what respiratory issues are the leading cause of death in children

A

pneumonia and upper respiratory tract infectionts

58
Q

a common, preventable and treatable disease that is characterized by persistent respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation that is due to airway and/or alveolar abnormalities usually caused by significant exposure to noxious particles or gases

A

COPD

59
Q

COPD has a direct relationship between disease severity and ______ ____

A

management cost

60
Q

tobacco smoke, and environmental exposure can cause great risk for ___

A

COPD

61
Q

hypersecretion of mucus from hypertrophied submucosal glands and goblet cells lead to chronic cough and sputum production

A

chronic bronchitis

62
Q

chronic inflammation increases small airway resistance through airway narrowing and loss, and destroys the lung parenchyma, reducing both the lung’s elastic recoil and the tethering between acini and small airways

A

emphysema

63
Q

most common risk factor for COPD

A

smoking of tobacco and/or marijuana

64
Q

exaggerated inflammatory response due to chronic exposure to noxious gases and particulate

A

COPD

65
Q

results when the alveoli, alevolar cuts, and respiratory bronchioles become irreversibly damaged

A

emphysema

66
Q

air hunger, increase effort, or chest tightness

A

dyspnea

67
Q

most common extra pulmonary manifestation of COPD

A

skeletal muscle function

68
Q

a heterogeneous disease, usually characterized by chronic airway inflammation. It is defined by the history of respiratory symptoms such as wheeze, shortness of breath, chest tightness and cough that vary over time and in intensity, together with variable expiratory airflow limitation

A

asthma

69
Q

the prevalence for asthma is __ higher for ____ than for ___

A

1.5 times higher for females than for males

70
Q

an exaggerated inflammatory response following exposure of the airway to triggering stimuli such as dust or pollen, viral infection, or airway drying

A

asthma

71
Q

asthma vs. copd

A

asthma: onset early, not typically smokers, often with allergies, stable disease course

COPD: onset after 40 years, heavy smokers, lots of mucus, infrequent allergies, progressive disease course

72
Q

type of asthma that’s a contraction of airway smooth muscles and swelling of the airway epithelium

A

acute asthma

73
Q

type of asthma with significant airway remodeling over time

A

chronic asthma: characterized by membrane thickening and mucus

74
Q

Bronchoconstriction during exercise because exercise is one of many possible triggers of their existing asthma

A

EIA: exercise induced asthma

75
Q

exercising at a high intensity or in a cold environment is the trigger for an inflammatory response that induces airway constriction and difficulty breathing

A

EIB: exercise induced bronchoconstriction

76
Q

_____ contraindication to cardiopulmonary exercise testing

  • Patient requests to stop
  • Drop in systolic BP of > 10mm Hg when accompanied by other evidence of ischemia
  • Moderately severe angina
  • Increased nervous system symptoms
  • Signs of poor perfusion
  • Technical difficulties (will the results be valuable?)
  • Sustained ventricular tachycardia
  • ECG with ST segment elevation without a diagnostic Q wave
A

ABSOLUTE

77
Q

Absolute contraindication of exercise testing include

A

Patient requests to stop
Drop in systolic BP of > 10mm Hg when accompanied by other evidence of ischemia
Moderately severe angina
Increased nervous system symptoms
Signs of poor perfusion
Technical difficulties (will the results be valuable?)
Sustained ventricular tachycardia
ECG with ST segment elevation without a diagnostic Q wave

78
Q

_____ contraindication to cardiopulmonary exercise testing

  • Drop in systolic BP of > 10mmHg with no evidence of ischemia
  • ECG ST-segment or QRS changes such as ST depression
  • Arrhythmias other than sustained ventricular tachycardia
  • Fatigue, SOB, wheezing, leg cramps, claudication
  • Development of bundle branch block or conduction delay
  • Increased chest pain
  • Hypertensive response (Sys > 250; Dia > 115)
A

Relative

79
Q

best field testing options for cardiopulmonary patients

A

6- minute walk test, incremental shuttle walk test, endurance shuttle walk test

80
Q

maintain oxygen saturation over

A

88%

81
Q

Exercise prescription for Respiratory patients

A

3-5 day (7 days obese) aerobic: 20-60 minute bouts

2-3 days RT: 1-3 sets, 8-12 reps

work flexibility and posture 2-3 days a week

82
Q

scuba diving, outdoors, cold weather, and swimming should all be avoided with what condition

A

asthma

83
Q

Normal BMI rangs

A

18.5-25

84
Q

overweight BMI

A

25-30

85
Q

Class I obesity BMi

A

30-35

86
Q

Class II obesity BMI

A

35-40

87
Q

Class III Obesity BMI

A

over 40

88
Q

the average annual weight gain in adults has been estimated to be about ____

A

2.2-4.4 pounds

89
Q

Fasting plasma glucose for diabetes

A

over 126

90
Q

oral glucose for diabetes

A

over 200

91
Q

hemoglobin a1c for diabetes

A

over 6.5%

92
Q

genetic diabetes

A

Type I

93
Q

most popular form of diabetes

A

typeII

94
Q

Type ____ diabetes symptoms

Age ≥ 45 years
BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 or central adiposity (defined by waist circumference)
Habitual physical inactivity
Having a first-degree relative with DM
African American, Latino, Native American, Asian American, or Pacific Islander race/ethnicity
If a female, delivering a baby weighing > nine pounds or having a past diagnosis of GDM
Having polycystic ovary syndrome
Presence of HTN
Presence of a low level of HDL cholesterol
Presence of a high TG level
Previous diagnosis of IGT or IFG
A history of vascular disease

A

type II

95
Q

inflammation of one or more joints

A

arthritis

96
Q

arthritis is more common in

A

women

97
Q

most common form of arthritis

A

osteoarthritis

98
Q

degradation of joints

A

osteoarthrities

99
Q

arthritis that is a results of a chronic autoimmune disorderq

A

rheumatoid

100
Q

Ra is more common in

A

females

101
Q

RA typically affects ____ joints

A

synovial

102
Q

cardinal signs of ____

  • redness
  • swelling
  • pain
  • heat
A

arthritis

103
Q

the gel phenomenon is associated with which form of arthritis

A

osteo : affects hands, hips, knees, spine, and pain worsens throughout the day

Clinical Exercise Physiology (2 decks)

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