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POM 1 G: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL > 1.1 Cellular Biology 1 > Flashcards

1.1 Cellular Biology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Which 6 types of reactions define metabolism

A

Oxidation-reduction
Ligation requiring atp cleavage
Isomerization.
Group transfer
Hydrolytic
Addition or removal of functional groups

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2
Q

Description of oxidation-reduction

A

Electron transfer

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3
Q

Description of ligation requiring atp cleavage

A

Formation of covalent bonds

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4
Q

Example of a covalent bond

A

Carbon-carbon

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5
Q

Description of Isomerization

A

Rearrangement of atoms to form isomers

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6
Q

Description of group transfer

A

Transfer of a functional group from one molecule to another

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7
Q

Description of a Hydrolytic reaction

A

Cleavage of bonds by the addition of water

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8
Q

Description of addition or removal of functional groups

A

Addition of function groups to double bonds
Or their removal to form double bonds

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9
Q

What type of process is glycolysis

A

Anaerobic

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10
Q

Where does glycolysis occur

A

Cytoplasm

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11
Q

Overview of glycolysis

A

6C glucose -> 2x 3C pyruvates

Using 2 atp

Producing 2NADH and 4ATP (2net)

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12
Q

Main concepts of glycolysis

A

Formation of a high energy compound (involving the investment of energy in the form of atp)

Splitting of a high energy compound (producing useful energy in the form of atp production)

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13
Q

Step 1 of glycolysis

A

Group transfer
Glucose -> glucose 6 phosphate + H+
Investment of 1 atp -> ADP
Enzyme: hexokinase

Irreversible: commits cell to subsequent reactions and traps glucose inside by means of its negative charge

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14
Q

What type of reaction is used in step 1

A

Group transfer

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15
Q

Which enzyme is used in step 1

A

Hexokinasse

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16
Q

Product of step 1

A

G6P + H+

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17
Q

Step 2

A

Isomerization
G6P -> fructose 6 phosphate
Enzyme: phosphoglucose isomerase

(Fructose can be split to equal halves when cleaved

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18
Q

What type of reaction is step 2

A

Isomerisation

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19
Q

Which enzyme is used in step 2

A

Phosphoglucose isomerase

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20
Q

What is the product of step 2

A

Fructose 6 phosphate

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21
Q

What is the logic behind steps 2&3

A

Fructose can be split to equal halves when subsequently cleaved

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22
Q

Step 3

A

Group transfer
F6P -> fructose 1,6 biphosphate
Investment of 1ATP -> adp
Enzyme: phosphofructokinase

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23
Q

What type of reaction is step 3

A

Group transfer

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24
Q

What enzyme is used in step 3

A

Phosphofructokinase

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25
Q

What is the product of step 3

A

Fructose 1.6 niphosphate

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26
Q

Step 4

A

Hydrolytic
F1,6BP -> glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate + dihydroxyacetone phosphate
Enzyme: aldolase

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27
Q

What enzyme is used in step 4

A

Aldolase

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28
Q

What type of reaction is step 4

A

Hydrolytic

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29
Q

What is the product of step 4

A

2 high energy compounds

Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate

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30
Q

Step 5

A

Isomerisation
Dihydroxyacetone phosphate -> glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate
Enzyme: triose phosphate isomerase TPI

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31
Q

Deficiency in TPI

A

Fatal - most sufferers die within their first 6 years of life

Only glycolysis enzymopathy which is fatal

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32
Q

Which glycolysis enzymopathy is fatal

A

TPI deficiency

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33
Q

Which enzyme is used in step 5

A

TPI triose phosphate isomerase

34
Q

What type of reaction is step 5

A

Isomerization

35
Q

What is the product of step 5

A

Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate

36
Q

Step 6

A

Redox and group transfer
Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate -> 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate
Enzyme: glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase
NAD+ -> NADH
+Pi

37
Q

What is the product of step 6

A

1,3 bisphosphoglycerate
NADH
Pi

38
Q

Which enzyme is used in step 6

A

Glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate dehydrogenase

39
Q

What type of reaction is step 6

A

Redox and group transfer

40
Q

What is the significance of produced NADH

A

Can be later used to generate more atp in the mitochondria in oxidative phosphorylation

41
Q

Step 7

A

1,3 bisphosphoglycerate-> 3 phosphoglycerate
Group transfer
Generation of 1ATP
Enzyme: phosphoglycerate kinase

42
Q

Which enzyme is used in step 7

A

Phosphoglycerate kinase

43
Q

What’s the product of step 7

A

3-phosphoglycerate
2ATP

44
Q

Which enzyme is used in step 7

A

Phosphoglycerate kinase

45
Q

What type of reaction is step 7

A

Group transfer

46
Q

Step 8

A

Isomerisation
3-phosphoglycerate -> 2-phosphoglycerate
Enzyme: phosphoglycerate mutase

47
Q

What type of reaction is step 8

A

Isomerisation

48
Q

What is the product of step 8

A

2-phosphoglycerate

49
Q

Which enzyme is used in step 8

A

Phosphoglycerate mutase

50
Q

Step 9

A

Group removal/ dehydration
2-phosphoglycerate -> phosphoenolpyruvate (+H2O)
Enzyme: enolase

51
Q

Which enzyme is used in step 9

A

Enolase

52
Q

What is the product of step 9

A

Phosphoenolpyruvate and h2o

53
Q

What type of reaction is step 9

A

Group removal/ dehydration

54
Q

Step 10

A

Group transfer
Phosphoenolpyruvate-> pyruvate
Generation of atp
Enzyme : pyruvate kinase

55
Q

Net result of glycolysis

A

2ATP and 2NADH

56
Q

Where else can the product of step 1 be seen

A

Pentose phosphate pathway

57
Q

10 steps of glycolysis

A

Group transfer
Isomerisation
Group transfer
Hydrolytic
Isomerisation
Redox & group transfer
Group transfer
Isomerisation
Group removal/ dehydration
Group ransfer

58
Q

Products of the 10 steps

A

G6P
F6P
F1,6BP
Glyceraldehyde 3ph & dihydroxyacetone phosphate
Glyceraldehyde 3 ph
1,3 bisphosphoglycerate
3ph glycerate
2phglycerate
Phosphoenolpyruvate
Pyruvate

59
Q

Which steps are atp produced

A

7 and 10

60
Q

Which steps are NADH produced in

A

6

61
Q

Where is ppp used

A

Anabolic reactions to generate biosynthetic molecules

62
Q

What is needed for ppp

A

NADPH
R5P

63
Q

Where is r5p seen

A

Ribose 5 phosphate
DNA synthesis

64
Q

Ppp and RBC

A

G6p completely oxidised to co2 producing NADPH

NADPH provides reducing power to maintain reduced glutathione a viral antioxidant in RBC

65
Q

Ppp equation

A

G6p + 12nadp+ + 7O2.

-> 6CO2 + 12nadph + 12H+ +Pi

66
Q

3 fates of pyruvate

A

Ethanol (alcoholic fermentation)

Lactate

Acetyl coA + co2

67
Q

Alcoholic fermentation

A

Pyruvate -> acetaldehyde -> ethanol

Enzyme 1 = pyruvate decarboxylase
Enzyme 2 = alcohol dehydrogenase

Characteristic of yeast
Occurs in anaerobic conditions

Step 1 produces co2 (from H+)
Step 2 produces NAD+ (from NADH + H+)

68
Q

What is alcoholic fermentation characteristic of

A

Yeast

69
Q

Step 1 of alcoholic fermentation

A

Pyruvate -> acetaldehyde
Enzyme: pyruvate decarboxylase
Generation of co2 from H+

70
Q

Step 2 of alcoholic fermentation

A

Acetaldehyde -> ethanol
Enzyme : alcohol dehydrogenase
Generation of NAD+ (from NADH and h+)

71
Q

Generation of lactate

A

Pyruvate <=> lactate
Enzyme: lactate hydrogenase

Generation of nad+ from NADH and h+

72
Q

What is lactate characteristic of

A

Mammalian muscle during intense activity where oxygen is a limiting factor
Anaerobic process

73
Q

Purpose of alcoholic fermentation and lactate generation

A

Regeneration of nad+

74
Q

Why is regeneration of nad+ essential

A

Allows glycolysis to continue in oxygen deprivation
For step 6 dehydrogenation of glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate

75
Q

How is Creatine phosphate used as a buffer for atp

A

Using enzyme Creatine kinase can be cleaved to Creatine and atp in a group transfer reaction

76
Q

Acetyl coA generation

A

Pyruvate + Ha-CoA -> Acetyl coA + co2

Enzyme : pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

Generates NADH

77
Q

Where does Acetyl coA generation occur

A

(Outer membrane of) Mitochondria

Is then committed to TCA cycle

78
Q

What is relevant about bonding of Acetyl coa

A

High energy linkage of its thioester bond allows it to readily donate the 2C acetate to other molecules

79
Q

Beri Beri syndrome

A

Caused by defficiency of thiamine (vitamin b1)

Symptoms: peripheral nervous system damage, weakness of musculature and decreased cardiac output

80
Q

Why is the brain particularly vulnerable to Beri Beri syndrome

A

Relies heavily on glucose metabolism

81
Q

Explain Beri Beri syndrome

A

Thiamine pyrophosphate is a cofactor of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex used in Acetyl coA generation and in the TCA cycle
and so further TCA reactions cannot occur

POM 1 G: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF THE CELL (13 decks)

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