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Part 1 > 112 POF > Flashcards

112 POF Flashcards

1
Q

Newtons 1st law

A

“Any object at rest will remain at rest unless acted upon by a force.”

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2
Q

Newtons 2nd law

A

“The vector sum of forces is equal to the mass of the object multiplied by the acceleration of the object.”


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3
Q

Newtons 3rd law

A

“For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction”

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4
Q

Density

A

How much mass is present in a given volume

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5
Q

Pressure

A

Total force acting on a given area

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6
Q

Temperature

A

The average kinetic energy of the molecules in a substance

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7
Q

Best density =

A

Low temp + High pressure

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8
Q

Density/Pressure at 8-10,000ft

A

3/4 sea level value

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9
Q

Density/Pressure at 18-20,000ft

A

1/2 sea level value

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10
Q

Density/Pressure at 36-40,000ft

A

1/4 sea level value

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11
Q

Increased humidity, ______ density?

A

Decreases

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12
Q

Humidity

A

The amount of water vapour in the air

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13
Q

High density altitude, ____ aircraft performance?

A

Worse

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14
Q

1 hap deviation from ISA

A

30ft change in DA

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15
Q

1 degree celsius deviation from ISA

A

120ft change in DA

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16
Q

Pressure altitude calculation

A

(1013-QNH) x30) + elevation

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17
Q

Density altitude calculation

A

(Temp - Temp @ ISA PA) x120) + PA

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18
Q

Static pressure

A

Ambient pressure at any point in atmosphere.

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19
Q

Dynamic pressure

A

Pressure imposed when moving air is brought to rest.

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20
Q

Aerodynamic force

A

Generated if solid body placed in moving airstream

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21
Q

Aerofoils are designed to produce _____?

A

Useful aerodynamic force

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22
Q

Chord line

A

straight line joining LE & TE

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23
Q

Chord

A

distance between LE & TE

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24
Q

Thickness

A

aerofoil’s depth (max usually 30-40% chord)

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25
Q

Camber

A

curvature of line drawn equidistant between upper & lower surfaces

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26
Q

Angle of Attack

A

the angle between the chord line and relative airflow (RAF)

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27
Q

Resultant of individual pressure vectors (L/D)

A

Total reaction

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28
Q

Point within the aerofoil that TR acts through:

A

Centre of pressure (CoP)

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29
Q

What does TR indicate?

A

The magnitude and direction of the aerodynamic force on the aerofoil

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30
Q

As AoA increases, TR:

A

Increases (until stall) and becomes more tilted towards the rear

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31
Q

As AoA increases, CoP:

A

Moves forward (until stall)

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32
Q

2 components of TR:

A

Lift (90 degrees to RAF)
Drag (parallel to RAF)

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33
Q

What speed is Bernoullis theorem valid up to?

A

250kts

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34
Q

What is the lift formula?

A

Weight = Lift = CL 1/2 ρ V² S

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35
Q

What can change the CL?

A

Angle of Attack
Camber

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36
Q

What is 1/2 ρ V² ?

A

IAS

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37
Q

What is S?

A

Wing area (constant)

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38
Q

What is coefficient of lift?

A

Measurement of the lifting capability of an aerofoil

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39
Q

What is the effect of camber on CL?

A

Increased camber = Increase CL over all normal AoA

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40
Q

What kind of aerofoil produces zero positive lift at 0 degrees AoA?

A

Symmetrical aerofoil

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41
Q

Effect of contamination on CL:

A

Decreased CL, reduces stalling angle

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42
Q

Aspect ratio (AR)

A

Span/Chord

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43
Q

Effect of high AR aerofoil on CL:

A

Higher CL, more efficient at producing lift.

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44
Q

What is drag?

A

The resistance to motion

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45
Q

The drag tree

A

Total
Induced
Parasite
Profile
Interference
Form
Skin friction

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46
Q

Parasite drag

A

Resistance to the motion of the aircraft through the atmosphere.

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47
Q

What is the boundary layer?

A

The thin layer of air adjacent to the surface of moving body

48
Q

3 stages of the boundary layer:

A

Laminar flow (2mm)
Transition point
Turbulent flow (2cm)

49
Q

Skin friction drag

A

The result of shear stress between levels of air in the boundary layer.

50
Q

How do we encourage laminar flow?

A

Smooth surface, flush rivets, max thickness further aft.

51
Q

Increased size or area, _____ SF drag?

A

Increased

52
Q

Increased AoA, _____ SF drag?

A

Increased

53
Q

Increased speed, ____ SF drag?

A

Increased

54
Q

Form drag

A

Drag due to the pressure difference between the forward and rearward surfaces of the aircraft

55
Q

What increases form drag?

A

Increased size of surfaces
Increased AoA
Increased speed

56
Q

Interference drag

A

Drag due to mixing of converging airflows at junctions of surfaces

57
Q

Increased speed, ____ interference drag?

A

Increased

58
Q

What reduces interference drag?

A

Fairings, blending, filleting

59
Q

Induced drag

A

Drag directly associated with production of lift.

60
Q

What type of drag is associated with span-wise flow?

A

Induced drag.

61
Q

What causes span-wise flow?

A

Pressure gradient between the upper and lower surfaces of the aerofoil

62
Q

The mixing of span-wise flow creates:

A

Trailing edge and wing tip vortices that result in downwash behind the wing

63
Q

Downwash tilts the ______ and _______ vector slightly.

A

RAF, TR

64
Q

Induced drag is the _____ component of of the _____ being titled back.

A

Rearward, TR

65
Q

Design features to reduce induced drag:

A

Washout
High aspect ratio
Taper
No wingtip (elliptical)
Wing fences
Modified wingtip
- Drooping
- Winglet
- Wingtip tank

66
Q

Factors affecting induced drag

A
  • Efficiency of wing
  • CL (Increases ID)
  • Aspect ratio (decreases ID)
67
Q

What is coefficient of drag a measure of?

A

Drag producing capability.

68
Q

What does coefficient of drag depend on?

A

Camber (shape and condition of wing), AoA

69
Q

Total drag is:

A

The sum of parasite and induced drag.

70
Q

Minimum drag speed occurs when:

A

Induced and parasite drag meet

71
Q

What does minimum drag speed correspond to?

A

Best L/D ratio

72
Q

Increased power

A

Increased T/D couple = nose pitch up

73
Q

Extending undercarriage

A

drag increases and moves down = nose pitch down

74
Q

Extending flaps high wing a/c

A

Lift increases, CoP moves rearward, drag increases and moves up = nose pitch up

75
Q
A

Lift increases, CoP moves rearward drag increases and moves down = nose pitch down

76
Q

Simplified lift formula

A

Angle of attack x airspeed

77
Q

Maximum range

A

Speed for greatest distance on a given amount of fuel

78
Q

Max range airframe efficiency

A

Low weight, clean configuration, tailwind

79
Q

Max range, engine efficiency

A

Altitude (FTH), full tanks (leaned), low RPM, highest MAP, carb cold.

80
Q

Maximum endurance

A

Speed for max time in air for a given amount of fuel

81
Q

Factors to increase max endurance

A

Low weight
Clean configuration
Lowest safe altitude
Lean mixture
Low RPM, MAP adjusted
Carb. cold

82
Q

Does wind affect max endurance?

A

No

83
Q

Service ceiling

A

Altitude at which there is only sufficient excess power to climb at 100ft/m

84
Q

Absolute ceiling

A

Altitude at which there is insufficient power to climb

85
Q

Forces in a climb

A

Thrust > drag
Lift < weight

86
Q

Increase weight in the climb will result in:

A

Decreased AOC
Decreased ROC

87
Q

Flap/turning in the climb will result in:

A

Decreased AOC
Decreased ROC

88
Q

Best angle (Vx)

A

Altitude gained in the shortest distance

89
Q

Best rate (Vy)

A

Altitude gained in a given time

90
Q

Effect of wind on climb performance

A

Same ROC, AOC varies

91
Q

Increase in altitude affect on climb performance

A

Reduced ROC
Reduced AOC

92
Q

Forces in a glide

A

Weight > lift

93
Q

Best glide speed occurs at:

A

Max L/D ratio

94
Q

What is best glide speed?

A

Speed at which we will travel the furthest distance for the lease altitude lost

95
Q

Effect of decreasing weight on best glide:

A

No effect on glide angle/range
Decreases rate of descent

96
Q

Effect of wind on best glide

A

Headwind, less distance
Tailwind, more distance

97
Q

Stalling speed formula

A

Vs (new) = Vs x sqrt LF

98
Q

If airspeed constant, as AoB increases

A

Decreased radius, rate of turn increases.

99
Q

If AoB constant, as airspeed increases

A

Radius increases, rate of turn decreases.

100
Q

Rate 1 AoB formula

A

10% airspeed +7

101
Q

Rate 1 turn

A

3 deg per second / 2 mins for 360 deg

102
Q

Max rate/min radius turn

A

highest AoB at lowest speed

103
Q

The radius of a turn is smaller when turning _____ wind

A

Into

104
Q

Over banking

A

Outer wing travels faster thus producing more lift

105
Q

Climbing turns have an ______ over banking tendency

A

Increased
Outer wing has a larger AoA

106
Q

Descending turns have a ______ over-banking tendency

A

Reduced
Inner wing has a larger AoA

107
Q

Normal axis

A

Yaw

108
Q

Lateral axis

A

Pitch

109
Q

Longitudinal axis

A

Roll

110
Q

Increased power, nose pitch _____ and yaw ______

A

Up, left

111
Q

Decreased power, nose pitch _____ and yaw ______

A

Down, right

112
Q

Effects of elevator

A

Pitch, IAS

113
Q

Effects of ailerons

A

Roll, slip, yaw

114
Q

Effects of rudder

A

Yaw, skid, roll

115
Q

Adverse yaw

A

up going wing has increased camber and AoA, increase lift and drag

116
Q

Differential ailerons

A

Up going aileron moves through greater arc than down going aileron

117
Q

Frise aileron

A

Lower leading edge of up-going aileron protrudes into airflow causing increased drag

Part 1 (6 decks)

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