Biochemistry Study guide

Question 1

how many electrons for each valence shell

Answer 1

1st: 2
2nd: 8
3rd: 8
4th: 18
5th: 18
6th: 32
7th: 32

Question 2

what is an isotope and give examples

Answer 2

an element that gained or lost a neutron, carbon 12, carbon 13, carbon 14

Question 3

unique properties and characteristics of water

Answer 3

• high heat capacity
• high cohesiveness
• high boiling point
• low freezing point
• takes in heat quickly
• releases heat slowly
• hydrogen bonds
• covalently bonded
• liquid water is denser than ice due to ice is less compact then liquid water
• great transportation fluid due to high cohesiveness
• universal solvent
• high polarity

Question 4

why do h-bonds form between water molecules

Answer 4

because of S- oxygen is attracted to the S+ hydrogen and creates h-bonds

Question 5

functions of water in our bodies

Answer 5

• body temp regulator
• universal solvent
• lubricant
• transportation fluid
• main component of all cells
• water is needed for hydrolysis

Question 6

Definition of Acids and examples

Answer 6

acids are components that dissociate in water and release [H+]

Question 7

Definition of Bases and examples

Answer 7

bases are compounds that dissociate in water and releases [OH-]

Question 8

why are buffers important and what are they made of

Answer 8

Buffers are chemical or group of chemicals that take up excess [OH-] and [H+], made up of weak bases and acids and their salts

Question 9

what atoms make up amino acids/proteins

Answer 9

• nitrogen
• oxygen
• hydrogen
• carbon
• sometimes sulfur

Question 10

what is the backbone of a polypeptide

Answer 10

N-C-C backbone

Question 11

list the types of bonds responsible for the formation of the three levels of proteins

Answer 11

Linear: peptide bonds
Secondary: H-bonds
Tertiary: Disulfide, ionic, covalent, hydrogen and peptide bonds

Question 12

list functions of proteins

Answer 12

Keratin: for hair and nail structure
Myosin and actin: for muscle movement
enzymes: speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy
Hemoglobin: transport H2O, C6H12O6 and CO2
immunoglobulin: is antibodies (immunity)

Question 13

what atoms make up carbs

Answer 13

• Carbon
• Hydrogen
• Oxygen

Question 14

how is maltose formed?

Answer 14

dehydration synthesis to combine two glucose molecules into maltose

Question 15

list structural differences between starch, glycogen, and cellulose

Answer 15

Cellulose:

• linear
• found in plant cell walls
• 3000 or more glucose units
• beta bonds
• glycosidic bonds
• humans cannot digest

Glycogen:

• many branches
• found in liver
• 16-24 glucose units
• alpha bonds
• glycosidic bonds
• digestible by humans

Starch:

• little amount of branches
• found in plants and plant roots
• 300-1000 glucose units
• alpha bonds
• digestible by humans

Question 16

functions of carbs

Answer 16

• short term energy
• energy storage
• structural in plant cells
• identification markers

Question 17

what atoms are found in lipids

Answer 17

• Carbon
• Hydrogen
• Oxygen

Question 18

what are the 4 common types of lipids

Answer 18

• Fatty acids (saturated and unsaturated)
• phospholipids
• neutral fats
• steroids

Question 19

differentiate between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 19

Saturated: no double bonds, in-room temp solid
Unsaturated: double bonds, in-room temp liquid

Question 20

how is a neutral fat formed and differences

Answer 20

Monoglyceride: 1 fatty acids with glycerol
Diglyceride: 2 fatty acids with glycerol
Triglyceride; 3 fatty acids with glycerol
All either by hydrolysis or dehydration synthesis

Question 21

what are the three types of neutral fats and what are their functions

Answer 21

Monoglyceride, Diglyceride, Triglyceride

• long-term energy storage (adipose tissue)
• subcutaneous insulation
• a component in cell membranes
• lipid-based hormones
• protects and cushions organs

Question 22

what is emulsification and how does an emulsifier work

Answer 22

• the breakdown of fat globules into tiny droplets by surrounding with emulsifiers
• lye + fatty acid = emulsifier
• fatty acids tail are hydrophobic and is not polar, so attaches to lipid
• lye is polar and hydrophilic, therefore is pointed outwards

Question 23

what are the two types of nucleic acids and what are their functions

Answer 23

RNA: for protein synthesis

DNA: genetic information

Question 24

what three parts make up a nucleic acid

Answer 24

phosphate group
pentose sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)
nitrogen base (purine or pyrimidine)

Question 25

what is the backbone of a strand of DNA/RNA

Answer 25

phosphate sugar backbone

Question 26

what parts make up a ATP molecule

Answer 26

Pentose sugar (ribose)
Adenine
Triphosphate group

Question 27

what are the functions of ATP

Answer 27

energy currency for movement, growth and used for a cell to function