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Mother and Baby Nursing > Research and Method Exam 1 > Flashcards

Research and Method Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Before the advent of computer programs for qualitative analysis, what was mainly used to manage qualitative data?

A

conceptual files have printed paper with codes in the margin

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2
Q

What is open coding

A

the capture of what is going on in the data such as actual words.

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3
Q

What are the criteria for enhancing trustworthiness in qualitative inquiry

A 
credibility
dependability 
transferability 
authenticity
confirmability
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4
Q

What is Credibility ?

A

Confidence in the truth value of the findings

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5
Q

What is Dependability?

A

stability or reliability of data over time and conditions

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6
Q

What is confirmability

A

The objectivity of the data data is congruence between 2 or more independent people

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7
Q

What is transferability

A

Findings can be transferred or applicable in other settings

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8
Q

What is authenticity

A

Researchers fairly and faithfully show a range of realities

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9
Q

What are methods of enhancing credibility

A
  • prolonged engagement
  • persistent observation
  • reflexivity
  • triangulation methods
  • member checking
  • search for disconfirming evidence
  • researcher credibility
  • Peer debriefing
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10
Q

When a researcher brings an independent person not an expert at the study ( unbiased ) with other members of the study to look at the data or your overall research is What ?

A

Peer debriefing

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11
Q

What brings confirmability to the data? What are the the two trails?

A
  • Audit trails: provides in-depth steps on how they collect the data , what was the coding process
  • Inquiry audits: having a researcher outside of the data collection and data analysis examine the processes of data collection, data analysis, and the results of the research study
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12
Q

What is a strategy for enhancing quality during the coding and analysis of qualitative data?

A

Investigator triangulation 2 or more people focus on analyzing and interpreting the code

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13
Q

When collecting on the same phenomenon in multiple times ? What type of triangulation

A

Time

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14
Q

What triangulation used different data source to validate their conclusion ?

A

Data

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15
Q

What triangulation collects data in multiple different settings ?

A

Space

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16
Q

What triangulation collects data from different people

A

People

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17
Q

What triangulation used different methods of collecting data

A

Method

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18
Q

There is widespread agreement that qualitative researchers need to devote time and energy to analyzing and documenting their presuppositions, biases, and ongoing emotions. This represents a commitment to:

A

Reflexivity

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19
Q

In order to make meaning of their qualitative data, researchers interpret, analyze, and then live with their data. What is this process called?

A

Incubation : process of living with the data

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20
Q

During a qualitative study the researcher returned to three study participants to have them verify their data and the emerging themes. This is called:

A

member checking

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21
Q

What are the methods of enhancing dependability ?

A
  • Replicate the findings

- Team coding : make sure more than one person code

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22
Q

What are the methods of enhancing transferability?

A

Thick and rich description

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23
Q

What methods would enhance authencity?

A

Convey the feeling tone of participants

develop heightened sensitivity of the issue and individuals being depicted

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24
Q

True or False It is typically appropriate to have a hypothesis for a qualitative study.

A

False

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25
Q

Many qualitative studies can be described as

A

Inductive

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26
Q

What does grounded theory analysis use

A

Constant comparison

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27
Q

What is the first stage of constant comparison

A

Open coding

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28
Q

Describe the three levels of open coding

A

Level 1 ( invivo) : get the participants exact words
Level 2: it becomes broader
Level 3: becomes the most abstract

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29
Q

What is a pattern of behavior that is relevant for participants
The main theme

A

Core category

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30
Q

What is BSP

A

it is based on core category when one core variable that evolves into 2 or more

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31
Q

Theoretical coding

A

broken pieces come together participants experience resolving a problem

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32
Q

In which specific level of ethnographic data analysis are cultural themes uncovered?

A

Theme analysis

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33
Q

In which specific level of ethnographic data analysis focus on the units of cultural knowledge find meanings of symbols or terms

A

Domain

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34
Q

In which specific level of ethnographic data analysis focus on organizing domains

A

Taxanomic analysis

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35
Q

In which specific level of ethnographic data analysis finds data similarities and differences among cultural terms in domain

A

Componential analysis

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36
Q

When does ethnographic data analysis typically begin?

A

The moment the researcher sets foot in the field.

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37
Q

Qualitative research makes the assumption that:

A

Multiple realities exist

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38
Q

Quasi-statistics are sometimes used in qualitative research to:

A

tabulate frequency of themes or insights in the data.

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39
Q

What is the count of times a theme has appeared

A

Content Analysis

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40
Q

How are most qualitative data are reported as

A

Themes : meaning patterns in data

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41
Q

What are description data analysis

A

use of participants words and action

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42
Q

What are interpretation of data analysis

A

focus on broader meaning and search for underlying ideas

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43
Q

What is dwelling

A

they spent alot of time with the data

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44
Q

How is data management ?

A

Reductionist approach data smaller, manageable pieces ( codes )

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45
Q

What is data Analysis? Constructivist

A

grouping codes into categories , identify relationships , exploring themes

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46
Q

What is Grounded theory - You would not see themes instead core categories

A
  • it is discussing the process of social behavior
    Ex: how parents go through the process of an ill child
    How someone go through grief
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47
Q

What are codes that develop into categories

A

Secondary coding

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48
Q

What are the 2 different ethnographic perspective ?

A

etic : outsider view

emic: insider view ( M FOR ME)

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49
Q

What is snowballing sampling

A

one person recruit another person

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50
Q 
Who typically does each of the following, the
researcher or the participant? 
Think-aloud method?
Field notes?
Diary?
Audit trail?
A

Think -aloud method : Participants
Filed notes : Researchers
Diary : Participants
Audit trail : Researchers

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51
Q

In participant observation what are the roles of the observer?

A

Participant observation participate in functioning of the social group under investigation and strive to observe info that is important to group members

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52
Q

What is a focus group?

A

a group of people assembled for a discussion interviewer moderate the discussion

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53
Q

What is a semi-structured interview?

A

Researchers prepare a written topic guide list areas they want to ask questions about

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54
Q

What is log or field diary

A

a diary record of events and conversations in the field how the researcher spent time with the participants

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55
Q

What are the field notes

A

the observer’s effort to record data and synthesisze and understand the data exact things they said to the participants nd their answers including nonverbal behaviors

Thick Descriptions is the goal

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56
Q

Qualitative studies often use an emergent design. When does the research design evolve?

A

In the field while collecting and analyzing data.

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57
Q

Data saturation is sampling to the point at which

A

no new information is obtained and redundancy is achieved.

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58
Q

What type of qualitative self-report data is being used when respondents record and maintain ongoing records about some aspect of their lives?

A

Diaries

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59
Q

What type of qualitative self-report data is being used when respondents record and maintain ongoing records about some aspect of their lives?

A

Grounded theory

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60
Q

What are the major ways in which unstructured observational data are most commonly recorded?

A

Logs : daily record of events in the field

or field notes : more indepth of conversation and observation of the participant

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61
Q

In what type of interview are detailed chronological narratives about personal life experiences most likely to be elicited?

A

Life history interviews

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62
Q

What interview involves real time data of people solves problem or make decision

A

think -aloud

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63
Q

What is critical incidents technique

A

gathering in-depth information about specific incidents experienced by participants

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64
Q

What are oral histories

A

historical researchers gather personal recollection about events or issues

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65
Q

What type of researcher often uses key informants who serve as guides and interpreters of the culture?

A

Ethnographers

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66
Q

What are windshield surveys

A

interview exploring the community such as churches public transportation

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67
Q

TRUE or False Field notes are both descriptive and reflective

A

True

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68
Q

What is the difference between descriptive vs reflective notes

A

Descriptive: objective descriptions of observed events like actions and dialogue
Reflective: researcher’s personal experience

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69
Q

Reflexivity is an important concept in qualitative data collection. What is reflexivity?

A

Awareness of the part the researcher plays in the study and the effect they have on data

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70
Q

Phenomenologists typically sample around _______ individuals meet the criterion of having lived the experience under study?

A

11 -15

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71
Q

What type of sampling is when a study is based on the experiences of people with frequent nightmares, might recruit sample members by placing a notice on a bulletin board or on Internet sites requesting people with frequent nightmares to contact us

A

Convenience Sampling Volunteer people deciding move forward participate

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72
Q

What is snowballing sampling

A

When participants from the study end up referring other people to join the study

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73
Q

Qualitative researchers often begin with a sample where potential participants come forward and identify themselves. What type of sample is this?

A

Convenience

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74
Q

What do ethnographers strive to acquire?

A

Emic perspective of a culture

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75
Q

Many qualitative studies eventually evolve to selecting cases that will most benefit the study. When this happens, what type of sample is being used?

A

Purposive

76
Q

What type of sample involves selecting cases that are especially important or illustrative?

A

Critical case sampling

77
Q

What are key informants

A

individuals who are highly knowledgeable about the culture and develop ongoing relationship

78
Q

maximum variation sampling

A

a sampling approach used by qualitative researchers involving the purposeful selection of cases with a wide range of variation

With diverse backgrounds men and women poor vs affluent people

79
Q

homogeneous sampling

A

a purposive sampling approach used by qualitative researchers involving the deliberate selection of cases with limited variation

Focus a particular group black gay men

80
Q

involves selecting cases that illustrate or highlight what is typical, average, normal, or representative. can help the researcher understand hey aspects of a phenomenon as they are manifested under ordinary cirucmstances

A

Typical case sampling

81
Q

approaches maximum variation sampling, but is typically done along a single dimension (e.g., income or illness severity). in the approach, each “stratum” would comprise a fairly homogeneous sample

A

stratified purposive sample

82
Q

a sampling approach used by qualitative researchers that involves the purposeful selection of the most extreme or unusual cases

A

extreme (deviant) case sampling (outlier sampling)

83
Q

a sampling approach used by qualitative researchers involving the purposeful selection of intense (but not extreme) cases

A

intensity sampling

84
Q

a variant of purposive sampling used in qualitative studies that involves selecting cases based on a recommendation of an expert or key informant

A

reputational sampling

85
Q

a purposive sampling approach used by qualitative researchers that involves selecting cases that meet a predetermined criterion of importance

A

criterion sampling

86
Q

an approach to sampling in a case study that involves identifying and gaining access to a case representing a phenomenon that was previously in accessible to research scrutiny

A

revelatory case sampling

87
Q

used to select or search for politically sensitive cases (or sites) for analysis

A

sampling of politically important cases

88
Q

an approach to sampling in qualitative studies that involves adding new cases based on changes in research circumstances or in response to new leads that develop in the field

A

opportunistic sampling (emergent sampling)

89
Q

a rich and thorough description of the research context in a qualitative study

A

Thick description

90
Q

Thick description support what

A

Transferability

91
Q

one of the three models of generalization that concerns researchers’ efforts to generalize from particulars to broader conceptualizations and theories

A

Analytic generalization

92
Q

Researchers working within which of the following qualitative traditions is most likely to bracket?

A

Descriptive phenomenology

93
Q

A researcher wishes to conduct a study with the intention of answering questions about the causes and effects of past events to illuminate present behaviors. Which research tradition would be best suited for this?

A

Historical

94
Q

What does an “emergent” design indicate?

A

is a reflection of the researcher’s desire to have an inquiry based on participant’s realities and viewpoints

95
Q

Provide an example of a lived experience.

A

Living through Covid-19

96
Q

Differentiate descriptive from interpretive phenomenology.

A

Interpretive : understanding the human experience What is being ?

Descriptive : description of human exprience What do we know as humans?

97
Q

Process of identifying and holding abeyance preconceived beliefs and opinions about phenomenon under study

A

Bracketing

98
Q

Describe an emic and etic perspective

A

Emic: way members view their culture the insider’s view
Etic: outsiders interpretation of the experience of the culture

Most strive for emic point of view

99
Q

Ethnographers commonly do

A

Participation observation : observing while participating or engaging to the culture

100
Q

What is Phenomenology

A

understanding people’s every day life experiences

101
Q

What is intuiting ?

A

descriptive phenomenology second step researchers remain open minded to the meanings attributed to the phenomenology by people who lived the experience

102
Q

What is a basic social process? Provide an example.

A

Part of a core variable how people resolve a concern or problem
EX:

103
Q

How many participants for grounded theory

A

20

104
Q

a qualitative research methodology that involves researchers and participants collaborating to understand social issues and take actions to bring about social change.

A

Participatory Action theory

105
Q

a type of social theory oriented toward evaluating and changing society as a whole

A

Critical theory

106
Q

the manner how people resolve concern

A

Core variable

107
Q

In-depth investigation of a single entity which could be an family , community

A

Case Studies

108
Q

Focus on story as the object of inquiry to examine how individuals make sense of events in their lives

A

Narrative analysis

109
Q

What is the Nuremberg Code and Declaration of Helsinki

A

developed after Nazi crimes were made public in the Nuremberg trials there were international efforts to establish an ethical code

Declaration of Helsinki : international ethical codes regarding human experimentation in 1964 by world medical association

110
Q

The belmont report

A

3 broad principles Justice, Respect human dignity , and justice

111
Q

Research focus on maximize the benefit and minimize harm should produce benefit for the human is called

A

Beneficence

112
Q

What principle is for the right to self determination and right of self disclosure

A

respect of human dignity

113
Q

the participant has a right to voluntarily decide on whether to take part in a study without risk of prejudicial treatment

A

Self -determination humans should be treated as autonomous agent

114
Q

What is coercion

A

threats of penalty for failing to participate in a study or excessive rewards for agreeing to participate

115
Q

In response to human rights violations, various codes of ethics have been developed. What was developed after Nazi atrocities were made public as an international effort to establish ethical standards?

A

Nuremberg Code

116
Q

This document serves as the basis for regulations affecting research by the U.S. government?

A

Belmont report

117
Q

Which ethical principle is likely violated if a team of researchers uses their own employees as subjects in a study about the qualities of excellent leaders?

A

Right to self-determination

118
Q

This is an example of what when a generous monetary incentives were offered to disadvantaged groups to join a study

A

coercion

119
Q

What are two parts of informed consent

A

full disclosure

right self -determination

120
Q

what is full disclosure

A

researcher described the study fully, right to refuse participation at any time, tell them the risks and benefits

121
Q

The _________ provides potential research participants with adequate information needed to make a reasoned decision about participation or non-participation in a study?

A

informed consent

122
Q

Covert data collection

A

collection of data without participant knowledge or consent is often done if the privacy is not violated risks are minimal

123
Q

deliberately withholding information or providing false information is ?
In

A

deception

124
Q

In a study of high schoolers use of drugs we might describe the research as a study of students health practices ? which is what

A

Deception

125
Q

Right to fair treatment and right to privacy

A

Justice

126
Q

Under HIPAA regulations, a covered entity such as a hospital can disclose individually identifiable health information from its records if the patient signs an authorization granting access. What does this authorization include?

A

Who will receive the information

127
Q

In qualitative studies, often multiple contacts occur between the researcher and study participants. During these contacts the researcher and participants collaborate and renegotiate continued participation. This ongoing negotiation is called:

A

Process consent

128
Q

When does written consent is not needed ?

A
  • study does not involve intervention
  • data collect anonymously
  • when existing data from records without linkage identifying information
129
Q

The safeguard mechanism by which even the researcher cannot link the participant with the information provided is called:

A

Anonymity

130
Q

When a researcher is using existing data from records and/or specimens, informed consent can be omitted when:

A

The researcher is gathering de-identified data.

131
Q

Confidentiality

A

information from he participant will not be reported in a manner identifying the participant or not accessible to others

132
Q

What is a certificate that allows researchers to refuse to disclose identifying information on study participants in any civil criminal administrative or legislative proceedings

A

Certificate of Confidemtiality

133
Q

What are vulnerable group

A

incapable of giving full consent cognitive impaired

134
Q

Who is an example of a vulnerable group?

A

People with schizophrenia attending their inpatient bi-weekly group session.

135
Q

What is debriefing

A

when the researchers talk to participants after the study so they can get the chance to ask questions or answer complaints

136
Q

What is assent

A

children informed consent tell them what you are doing and ask if it is ok

137
Q

Most institutions where research is conducted have formal committees for reviewing proposed research plans. In the United States this committee would likely be called an institutional

A

Institutional review board canda is Research Ethics Board

138
Q

What makes up the IRB

A

5 member
one, not a researcher
one not part of the institution

139
Q

Which of the following is true of an expedited review?

A

Research involving no more than minimal risk can use this procedure.

140
Q

What are privacy boards

A

in hospitals follows HIpaa, reviews authorization forms and waivers

141
Q

What is data safety monitoring board

A

safety of the participants in clinical trials under NIH

142
Q

making up data or results

A

Fabrication

143
Q

manipulating research materials, equipment, processes changing or omitting data or results

A

Falsification

144
Q

appropriation of someones ideas , results, or words without giving due credit

A

Plagiarism

145
Q

In a well-specified PICOT question, the “I” stands for the:

A

Intervention

146
Q

What does the statement “patients receiving antiemetic therapy by a patient controlled pump will be less nauseous than patients receiving a nurse administered antiemetic therapy” represent? A:

A

hypothesis

147
Q

In a well-specified PICOT question, the “O” stands for:

A

outcome

148
Q

A study

A

when researchers address a problem

149
Q

the person who is getting studied

A

quantitative: subjects
qualitative : informants
Participants

150
Q

The person directing the study is the

A

principal investigator

151
Q

Independent variable

A

The cause

152
Q

Dependent Variable

A

The effect ( Outcome)

153
Q

The statement of the researcher’s expectations or predictions about relationships among study variables is called the

A

hypothesis

154
Q

A ____ is the overall plan for answering a quantitative study’s research question.

A

Research design

155
Q

What is a conceptual definition

A

the abstract or theoretical meaning of concepts under study

Ex: Caring how does that being defined

156
Q

Operationalized definition

A

How the concept would be measured Anxiety would be measured through a questionnaire or symptoms

157
Q

What is the difference between quantitative and qualitative data

A

Quantitative: numeric forms
Qualitative: narrative descriptions

158
Q

In which pair of variables is there most likely to be a relationship that could be described as causal? Cause and effect relationship

A

Degree of physical activity and heart rate

159
Q

Functional ( associative ) Relationship

A

There is no cause but there is a relationship

Pulmonary artery and tympanic readings have the same reading

160
Q

What is literature review

A

provides the foundation on which to base new evidence and usually is conducted before data are collected

161
Q

A proposal

A

researchers seeks financial support submit a proposal

162
Q

True or false Quantitative data is raw

A

False its Qualitative data

163
Q

What is IMRAD format

A

Abstract: a brief description of the study placed at the beginning of the article
250 words or less
Introduction: introduce the research problem and its context central phemona

Method: what was the design of the research study procedures
Result: presents the findings of the study

Discussion: researchers draw conclusions about the what the results mean and how the evidence can be used in practice

164
Q

What does statistically significant

A

the findings are probably reliable and replicable with a new sample

165
Q

Level of significance

A

Alpha level
Normally set to .05, which means that we may reject the null hypothesis only if the observed data are so unusual that they would have occurred by chance at most 5 percent at a time. The smaller the alpha, the more stringent the standard is.

166
Q

What type of hypothesis is, “a person’s emotional status is not affected by relocation to a nursing home”?

A

null hypothesis

167
Q

Purpose statement

A

summarize the goal of the study

168
Q

what type of hypothesis is this ? A nurse might notice that pre-surgeries patients who ask alot of questions about pain have a more difficult time than other patients in learning postoperative procedures

A

inductive hypothesis : are based on observations

169
Q

What is deductive hypothesis ?

A

have theories or prior knowledge as a starting point

170
Q

This is an example of what ?

The older the patient , the greater risk that he or she will fall

A

directional hypothesis has direction of the relationship

171
Q

What type of hypothesis is represented by the statement “the fewer social supports an elderly person has, the more likely the individual will be institutionalized”?

A

Directional

172
Q

Which of the following best describes a nondirectional hypothesis? It is the:

A

anticipated existence of relationships but not their direction.

173
Q

There is a relationship between the age of a patient and the risk of falling ? What is the example?

A

Nondirectional hypothesis

174
Q

A complex hypothesis predicts the:

A

relationship between two or more independent variables and/or two or more dependent variables.

175
Q

In which of the following is a nurse likely to have difficulty getting an idea for a research problem?

A

Nursing code of ethics

176
Q

A moderator variable:

A

affects the strength or direction of a relationship between the independent and dependent variables.

177
Q

Which of the following is a required characteristic of a fully developed research question? It:

A

is grounded in a body of theory.

178
Q

What are construct

A

an abstraction inferred from situations or behaviors but often one that is deliberately invented or construct

179
Q

what is self-care an example of

A

construct

180
Q

in critical care patients with central venous
catheters, the use of chlorhexidine cloths for
bathing is more effective than soap and water at
reducing the incidence of central line-associated
bloodstream infections over a 3-month period.” what type of hypothesis

A

directional and simple

181
Q

What are descriptive observations

A

tend to be broad and helps the observer figure out what is going on

182
Q

What is focused observation

A

carefully selected events and interaction focus on key aspects of the setting

183
Q

What is selective observation

A

highly focused and selective undertaken to be compared between concepts

184
Q

What is single positioning

A

staying in a single location for a period to observe behaviors and transactions in that location

185
Q

What is multiple positioning Mobile positioning

A

involves moving around the site to observe behaviors

-follows the person throughout the period

Mother and Baby Nursing (3 decks)

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