Statistics revision 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is statistics?

A

Method for organising, summarising, and interpreting data

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2
Q

Define population

A

The entire set of individuals

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3
Q

Define sample

A

Group selected from the population to study

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4
Q

Why use a sample?

A

As populations are very large making it impossible to study

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5
Q

What characteristic describes a sample?

A

Statistic

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6
Q

What characteristic describes a population?

A

parameter

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7
Q

What are sample statistics representative of?

A

the corresponding population

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8
Q

What is a sampling error?

A

Difference between a sample statistic and population parameter

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9
Q

Describe descriptive statistics

A

the method which organises, summarises and simplifies data

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10
Q

Describe inferential statistics

A

uses sample data to make inferences about a population

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11
Q

What is a variable?

A

a characteristic or condition that changes

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12
Q

Sample results are…

A

generalised to the corresponding population

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13
Q

What is the correlational method?

A

two variables observed to determine a relationship

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14
Q

What are the limitations of correlational methods?

A

Cannot explain cause and effect relationships.

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15
Q

Describe experimental methods

A

One variable is manipulated while observing another variable to establish cause and effect.

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16
Q

What is an independent variable?

A

Variable that is manipulated. Antecedent variable manipulated prior to observing dependent variable.

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17
Q

What is a dependent variable?

A

The variable observed to assess the affect of the treatment

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18
Q

What is the difference between the correlational method and the experimental method

A

Experimental method = one variable is measured

Correlational method = both variables are measured

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19
Q

Explain the control condition

A

Some participants received no treatment or a placebo/neutral treatment

20
Q

purpose of control condition….

A

baseline for comparison

21
Q

Describe the experimental condition

A

participants receive the experimental treatment

22
Q

Explain the concept of control

A

The researcher exercises control so that extraneous or confounding variables do not influence the relaionship

23
Q

What are confounding variables

A

variables you are not researching that may affect outcomes

24
Q

types of confounding variables

A

Situational, participant, experimenter, and demand characteristics e.g conforming to test conditions, social desirability

25
Q

What is random assignment?

A

Each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to either condition.

26
Q

Purpose of random assignment

A

Distributes participant characteristics evenly, so that both groups do differ greatly in terms of gender, age, intelligence etc.

27
Q

What are environmental variables?

A

time of day, light, dark, weather, hot, cold etc

28
Q

What are participant variables?

A

age, gender, intelligence

29
Q

What is a matching condition?

A

equivalent groups or environments e.g all groups have 40% females and 60% males.

30
Q

Holding them constant means…

A

e.g researchers might only use 10 year old boys - thereby holding age and gender constant.

31
Q

What is a construct?

A

internal attributes which can not be directly observed e.g Anxious, intelligence, hungry, sad

32
Q

Operational definition is

A

Defining a concept or construct by the operations used to represent or measure it e.g intelligence measured by performance tests

33
Q

What is a discrete variable?

A

has no intermediate values. e.g number of children, number on a dice, number of students present each day. Impossible to observe an intermediate value

34
Q

What is a continuous variable?

A

An infinite number of possible values that fall between values. e.g height, weight, time.

35
Q

What is the nominal scale?

A

Categorical - labels observations e.g race, gender, occupation

36
Q

What is the ordinal scale?

A

Categories ordered by rank - such as 1st, 2nd, 3rd. Small, medium, large. Upper, middle, lower

37
Q

What is an interval scale?

A

metric - ordered exactly the same e.g inch, cm, degree

38
Q

What is a ratio scale?

A

metric - has a zero point that is not arbitrary e.g gallons with zero gallons being empty.

39
Q

What is a mediating variable?

A

Explains how two variables are related

40
Q

What is a moderating variable?

A

affects the strength and direction of that relationship

41
Q

What is the mean?

A

is the sum of all scores divided by the number of all scores

42
Q

The median is…

A

the central number or midpoint of the data set of scores

43
Q

The mode is

A

the number that appears the most in the data set of scores

44
Q

What is the standard deviation?

A

is a measure of how dispersed the data is in relation to the mean

45
Q

What is the effect size?

A

Effect size is a quantitative measure of the magnitude of the experimental effect. The larger the effect size the stronger the relationship between two variables.

46
Q

What is operationalism?

A

Representing constructs by a specific set of operations