Research methods and stats - revision 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the placebo effect?

A

improvements based on thinking positively about results rather than the actual treatment

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2
Q

What is hypothesis testing?

A

Generate a hypothesis to explain phenomenon and that compare to facts.

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3
Q

What is flasification?

A

Karl Popper - researchers actively try to falsify their hypotheses

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4
Q

Describe the Duhem-Quine principle

A

A hypothesis cannot be tested in isolation from other assumptions

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5
Q

What are the basic assumptions of science?

A

There is uniformity or regularity in nature. The reality of nature and discoverability.

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6
Q

The assumption of Uniformity and regularity in nature is based on

A

determinism - all mental processes and behaviors are caused by natural factors.
probabilistic causes - A weaker form of determinism - (causes that usually but may not always occur)

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7
Q

The assumption of the reality of nature is

A

that the things we hear, smell and touch, taste are real.

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8
Q

The assumption of discoverability is

A

that it is possible to discover regularities in nature and discover pieces of the puzzle that fit together.

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9
Q

Why are assumptions needed?

A

to understand, explain, and collect knowledge.

develop theories or laws or generalizations.

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10
Q

Why do we control for confounding variables?

A

for unambiguous answers for cause and event

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11
Q

What is replication?

A

Results from one study are replicated in new studies, thereby making the results more reliable.

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12
Q

Reasons for a failure to replicate

A

the effect does not exist, not the exact same conditions or different context

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13
Q

Metaanalysis

A

quantitative method identifying relationships across many studies

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14
Q

Experimental method vs descriptive research

A

Experimental deals with cause and effect
Descriptive deals with events, situations, phenomena

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15
Q

quantitative research vs qualitative studies

A

Quantitative research collects numerical data e.g ratings of intelligence, timed responses etc.
Qualitative research is non-numerical e.g records, statements, interviews

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16
Q

Define variable

A

A characteristic that varies across or within organisms, situations, or environments

17
Q

Constant

A

a characteristic which does not vary

18
Q

Categorical vs quantitative

A

Categorical variables vary by type - e.g gender, race, religion

Quantitative variables vary by degree or amount e.g reaction, time, height, age

19
Q

Independent (IV) vs Dependent (DV)

A

IV = causes changes in another variable

DV = effect or outcome which is measured. Influenced by the IV.

20
Q

Extraneous/confounding variable

A

Competes with IV in explaining the DV

21
Q

mediating variable

A

the mediating variable operates between two other variables. It explains the how and why of a relationship.

22
Q

Moderating variable

A

Explains the causal relationship which is dependent on a third variable that affects the strength and direction of the IV and DV. Explains the when and for whom of the existing relationship.

23
Q

Examples of the moderating and the mediating variables

A

Moderating - Stress (IV) is experienced differently by either problem or emotion-focused coping (MV) resulting in higher or lower subjective well-being.

Mediating = Appraisals of control and value (IV) produce arousal (academic emotions) (MV) resulting in academic performance.