Ch 1: Intro Flashcards

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1
Q

introspection

A

a careful examination and description of one’s own inner mental thoughts and states

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2
Q

behaviorism

A

an approach to psychology that emphasizes a rigorous experimental approach and the role of conditioning in learning

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3
Q

bottom-up processing

A

processing that is determined directly by environmental stimuli rather than the individual’s knowledge and expectations

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4
Q

serial processing

A

this involves only one process occurring at any given moment; that process is completed before the next one starts; opposite of parallel processing

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5
Q

top-down processing

A

stimulus processing that is determined by expectations, memory, and knowledge rather than directly by the stimulus

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6
Q

parallel processing

A

two or more processes occurring simultaneously; opposite of serial processing

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7
Q

Stroop effect

A

the finding that naming the colors in which words are printed takes longer when the words are conflicted color words (like when”red” is printed in green)

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8
Q

ecological validity

A

the extent to which research findings (especially laboratory ones) can be generalized to the real world

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9
Q

cognitive neuroscience

A

an approach that aims to understand human cognition by combining information from brain activity and behavior; uses imaging

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10
Q

event-related potentials

A

the pattern of electroencephalograph (EEG) activity obtained by averaging the brain responses to the same stimulus (or similar stimuli) presented repeatedly

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11
Q

functional specialization

A

the assumption (only partially correct) that cognitive functions (like color or face processing) occur in specific brain regions

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12
Q

lesion

A

a structural alteration caused by disease or injury

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13
Q

modularity

A

the assumption that the cognitive system consists of several fairly independent or separate modules or processors, each of which is specialized for a given type of processing (like face processing)

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14
Q

dissociation

A

as applied to brain-damaged patients, intact performance on one task but severely impaired performance on a different task

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15
Q

double dissociation

A

the finding that some individuals (often brain-damaged) have intact performance on one task but poor performance on another task, whereas other individuals exhibit the opposite pattern

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16
Q

transcranial magnetic stimulation

A

(TMS) a technique in which magnetic pulses briefly disrupt the functioning of a given brain area, thus creating a short-lived lesion; several rapid pulses is repetitive TMS (rTMS)

17
Q

computational modeling

A

constructing computer programs that will stimulate or mimic some aspects of human cognitive functioning

18
Q

meta-analysis

A

a form of statistical analysis based on combining the findings from numerous studies on a given issue