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EMT > Chapter 6: The Human Body > Flashcards

Chapter 6: The Human Body Flashcards

1
Q

Abdomen

A

The body cavity that contains many of the major organs of digestion and excretion. It is located below the diaphragm and above the pelvis.

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2
Q

Acetabulum

A

The depression on the lateral pelvis where it’s three component bones join, in which the femoral head fits snuggly.

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3
Q

Adenosine tri phosphate (ATP)

A

The nucleotide involved in energy metabolism; used to store energy.

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4
Q

Adrenal glands

A

Endocrine glands located on the top of the kidneys that release adrenaline when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system.

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5
Q

Andrenergic

A

Pertaining to nerves I release the neurotransmitter norepinephrine
, or noradrenaline(e.g. andrenergic nerves, andrenergic response); Also pertain to the receptors acted on by norepinephrine.

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6
Q

Aerobic metabolism

A

Metabolism that can proceed only in the presence of oxygen.

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7
Q

Agonal gasps

A

Abnormal breathing pattern characterized by slow, Gasping breaths, sometimes seen in patients in cardiac arrest.

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8
Q

Alpha adrenergic receptors

A

Portions of the nervous system that, when stimulated, can cause constriction of blood vessels.

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9
Q

Alveoli

A

The air sacs of the lungs in which the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place.

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10
Q

Anaerobic metabolism

A

Metabolism that takes place in the absence of oxygen; the main byproduct is lactic acid.

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11
Q

Anatomic position

A

The position of reference in which the patient stands Facing forward, arms at the side, with the palms of the hands forward.

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12
Q

Anatomy

A

The study of the physical structure of the body and its components.

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13
Q

Aorta

A

The main artery leaving the left side of the heart and caring freshly oxygenated blood to the body.

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14
Q

Appendix

A

A small, tubular structure that is attached to the lower border of the cecum in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen.

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15
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

The portion of the skeletal system that comprises the arms, legs, pelvis, and the shoulder girdle. 

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16
Q

Arterioles

A

The smallest branches of arteries leading to the vast network of capillaries

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17
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Pearly layer of specialized cartilage covering the articular surfaces (contact surfaces on the ends of bones) in synovial joints

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18
Q

Atrium

A

One of the two upper chambers of the heart.

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19
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

The part of the nervous system regulates functions, such as digestion and sweating, that are not controlled voluntarily.

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20
Q

Axial skeleton

A

The part of the skeleton comprising the school, vertebral column, and rib cage.

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21
Q

Axons

A

Extensions of a neuron that carry impulses away from the nerve cell body to the dendrites of another neuron.

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22
Q

Ball and socket joint

A

A joint that allows internal and extra rotation, as well as bending.

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23
Q

beta-andrenergic receptors

A

Portions of the nervous system that, when stimulated, can cause an increase in the force of contraction of the heart, and increased heart rate, and bronchial dilation.

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24
Q

Biceps

A

The large muscle that covers the front of the humerus.

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25
Q

Bile ducts

A

The ducts that convey bio between the liver and the intestine

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26
Q

Blood pressure

A

The pressure that the blood exerts against the walls of the arteries as it passes through them.

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27
Q

Brachial artery

A

The major vessel in the upper extremities and supplies blood to the arm.

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28
Q

Brain

A

The controlling organ of the body and center of consciousness; functions include perception, control of reactions to be environment, emotional responses, and judgment.

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29
Q

Brainstem

A

The area of the brain between the spinal cord and cerebrum, surrounded by the cerebellum; controls functions that are necessary for life, such as respiration.

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30
Q

Calcaneus

A

Heel bone.

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31
Q

Capillary vessels

A

The tiny blood vessels between the arterioles and venules that permit transfer of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and waste between body tissues and the blood.

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32
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

The heart muscle

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33
Q

Cardiac output (CO)

A

A measure of the volume of blood circulated by the heart in one minute, calculated by multiplying the stroke volume by the heart rate.

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34
Q

Carotid artery

A

Major artery that supplies blood to the head and brain.

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35
Q

Carpals

A

Small bones that compose the wrist.

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36
Q

Cartilage

A

The smooth connective tissue that forms the support structure of the skeletal system and provide cushioning between bones; also forms the nasal septum in portions of the outer ear.

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37
Q

Cecum

A

The first part of the large intestine, and to watch the ileum opens.

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38
Q

Cellular metabolism

A

Set of chemical reactions to supply cells with energy includes both anaerobic and aerobic metabolism

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39
Q

Central nervous system (CNS)

A

The brain and spinal cord.

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40
Q

Cerebellum

A

One of the three major subdivisions of the brain sometimes called the little brain; coordinates the various activities of the brain, particularly find body movements.

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41
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

Fluid produced in the ventricles of the brain that flows in the subarachnoid space and bathes the meninges.

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42
Q

Cerebrum

A

The largest part of the three subdivisions of the brain, sometimes called the gray matter; made up of several lobes that control movement, hearing, balance, speech, visual perception, emotions, and personality.

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43
Q

Cervical spine

A

The portion of the vertebral column consisting of the first seven vertebrae that lie in the neck

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44
Q

Chordae tendineae

A

Send Burns a fibrous tissue that attach to the valves in the heart and prevent them from inverting.

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45
Q

Chyme

A

The substance that leaves the stomach. It is a combination of all of the eaten foods with added stomach acids.

46
Q

Circulatory system

A

The complex arrangement of connected tubes, including the arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins, that moves blood, oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide, and cellular waste throughout the body.

47
Q

Clavicle

A

The color brown; it is lateral to the sternum and interior to the scapula.

48
Q

Coccyx

A

The last three or four vertebrae of the spine; the tail bone.

49
Q

Coronal plane

A

An imaginary plane where the body is divided into front and back parts.

50
Q

Coxae

A

The hip bones

51
Q

Cranium

A

The part of the skull that encloses the brain and is composed of eight bones.

52
Q

Cricoid cartilage

A

A firm range of cartilage that forms the lower part of the larynx. 

53
Q

Cricothyroid membrane

A

A thin sheet of fascia that connects the thyroid and cricoid cartilage is that make up the larynx.

54
Q

Dead space

A

Any portion of the airway that does contain air and cannot participate in gas exchange, Such as the trachea and bronchi

55
Q

Dermis

A

The inner layer of the skin, Containing hair follicles, sweat glands, nerve endings, and blood vessels.

56
Q

Diaphragm

A

A muscular dome that forms the undersurface of the thorax, separating the chest from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of this (and the chest wall muscles) brings air into the lungs. Relaxation of allows air to be expel from the lungs.

57
Q

Diastole

A

The relaxation, or period of relaxation, of the heart, especially of the ventricles.

58
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of a gas from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

59
Q

Digestion

A

The processing of food that nourishes the individual cells of the body.

60
Q

Dorsalis pedis artery

A

The artery on the anterior surface of the foot between the first and second metatarsals.

61
Q

Endocrine system

A

The complex message in control system that integrates mini body functions, including the release of hormones.

62
Q

Enzymes

A

Substances design to speed up the rate of specific biochemical reactions.

63
Q

Epidermis

A

The outer layer of skin, which is made up of cells that are still together to form a water tight protective covering for the body.

64
Q

Epiglottis

A

A thin, leaf shaped valve that allows air to pass into the trachea but prevents food and liquid from entering.

65
Q

Epinephrine

A

A substance produced by the body (commonly called adrenaline), and a drug produced by pharmaceutical companies that increases pulse rate and blood pressure; the drug of choice for an anaphylactic reaction.

66
Q

Esophagus

A

Collapsible tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach; muscle contractions purple food and liquids through it to the stomach.

67
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

The amount of air that can be exhaled following a normal exhalation; average volume is about 1200 mL in the average adult man.

68
Q

Extension

A

The straightening of a joint.

69
Q

Fallopian tubes

A

The tubes that connect each over it with the uterus and are the primary location for fertilization of the ovum.

70
Q

Femoral artery

A

The major artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery. It supplies blood to the lower abdominal wall, external genitalia, and legs. It can be palpated in the groin area.

71
Q

Femoral head

A

The proximal end of the femur, articulating with the acetabulum to form the hip joint.

72
Q

Femur

A

The thighbone; the longest in one of the strongest bone in the body.

73
Q

Fibula

A

The smaller of the two bones that form the lower leg, located on the lateral side

74
Q

Flexion

A

The bending of a joint.

75
Q

Foramen magnum

A

A large opening at the base of the skull through which the brain connects to the spinal cord.

76
Q

Frontal bones

A

The bones of the cranium that form the forehead.

77
Q

Gallbladder

A

A sack on the undersurface of the liver that collects bile from the liver and discharges it into the duodenum through the common bile duct.

78
Q

Genital system

A

The reproductive system in men and women.

79
Q

Germinal layer

A

The deepest layer of the upper dermis were new skin cells or form.

80
Q

Greater trochanter

A

And a bony prominence on the proximal lateral side of the thigh, just below the hip bone.

81
Q

Hair follicles

A

Small organs that produce hair.

82
Q

Heart

A

A hollow muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body

83
Q

Heart rate (HR)

A

The number of heartbeats during a specific time usually one minute

84
Q

Hemoglobin

A

And oxygen carrying protein found in red blood cells

85
Q

Hinge joints

A

Joints that can bend and straighten but cannot rotate; they restrict motion to one plane.

86
Q

Hormones

A

Substances formed in specialized organs or glands and carry to another organ or group of cells in the same organism; they regulate many body functions, including metabolism, growth, and body temperature.

87
Q

Humerus

A

The supporting bone of the upper arm.

88
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

The pressure of water against the walls of its container.

89
Q

Hypercapnia

A

An abnormally high level of carbon dioxide in the blood stream; also called hypercarbia.

90
Q

Hypo perfusion

A

A condition in which the circulatory system fails to provide sufficient circulation to maintain normal cellular function; also called shock.

91
Q

Hypoxia

A

Deficient oxygen concentration in the tissues.

92
Q

Hypoxic drive

A

A backup system to control respiration; senses drops in the oxygen level in the blood.

93
Q

Ilium

A

One of three bones that she used to form the pelvic ring.

94
Q

Inferior vena cava

A

One of the two largest veins in the body; carries blood from the lower extremities and the pelvis and the abdominal organs to the heart

95
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

The amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation; the amount of air that can be inhaled in addition to the normal tidal volume

96
Q

Interstitial space

A

The space in between the cells.

97
Q

Intervertebral disks

A

Tough, elastic structures between adjoining vertebrae that act as shock absorbers.

98
Q

Intercellular space

A

The space within a cell or cells.

99
Q

Involuntary muscle

A

The muscle over which a person has no conscious control. It is found in many automatic regulating systems of the body.

100
Q

Ischium

A

One of the three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring.

101
Q

Joint

A

The place where two bones come into contact; also called an articulation.

102
Q

Joint capsule

A

The fibrous sac that encloses a joint.

103
Q

Kidneys

A

Two retroperitoneal organs that excrete the end products of metabolism as urine and regulate the body’s salt and water content.

104
Q

Labored breathing

A

The use of laurels of the chest, back, and abdomen to assist in expanding the chest; occurs when air movement is impaired.

105
Q

Lactic acid

A

A metabolic by-product of the breakdown of glucose that accumulates when metabolism proceeds in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic metabolism).

106
Q

Large intestine

A

The portion of the digestive tube that encircles the abdomen around the small bowel, consisting of the cecum, the colon, and the rectum. It helps regulate water balance and eliminate solid waste.

107
Q

Lesser tronchater

A

The projection on the medial/superior portion of the femur.

108
Q

Ligaments

A

Bands of fibrous tissue that connect bones to bones. Ligaments support and strengthen a joint.

109
Q

Liver

A

A large, solid organ that lies in the right upper quadrant immediately below the diaphragm; it produces bile, stores glucose for immediate use by the body, and produces many substances that help regulate immune responses.

110
Q

Lumbar spine

A

The lower part of the back, formed by the lowest five nonfused vertebrae; also called the dorsal spine.

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