2 - Basic components of living things Flashcards
Name the two main types of organism
Prokaryotes (a single-celled organism that lacks a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles) & Eukaryotes (organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.)
Define Organelles
Membrane bound compartment within the cell each providing distinct environments and therefore conditions for different cellular reactions
Features of an ANIMAL cell under a LIGHT microscope
Cell Surface Membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Centriole
Cytoplasmic Granules
Features of a PLANT cell under a LIGHT microscope
Cell Wall
Cell surface membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Vacuole
Tonoplast
Mitochondria
Starch grains
Chloroplast
Features of an ANIMAL cell under an ELECTRON microscope
Cell Surface membrane
Rough endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
lysosome
Ribosome
Nuclear envelope with pores
Golgi apparatus
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Features of a PLANT cell under an ELECTRON microscope
Cell Surface membrane
Chloroplast
Rough endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)
Plasmodesmata
Nucleolus
Nucleus
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER)
Ribosome
Nuclear envelope with pores
Golgi apparatus
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
Vacuole
Cell Wall
Function of cell-surface membrane
A thin, selectively permeable protein and phospholipid bilayer that controls the movement of materials in and out of the cell, which also has receptor molecules to allow it to respond to chemicals.
Function of a plant cell wall
A tough yet elastic wall of cellulose that surrounds and supports the cell wall. It is freely permeable. Defence mechanism against invading pathogens.
Function of the nucleus
Comprised of nuclear envelope with nuclear pores, nucleoplasm, nucleolus and DNA molecules . DNA molecules which control the cell’s activities; they associate with histone molecules to form chromatin. Chromatin coils tightly to form chromosomes. The pores in the nuclear envelope allow substances such as RNA to move between the nucleus and cytoplasm. Nucleolus is an area within the nucleus that makes ribosomes.
Function of a lysosome
A round organelle surrounded by a membrane, with no clear internal structure that contains digestive enzymes that are kept separate from the cytoplasm by the membrane. these enzymes enable the lysosome to digest invading cells or break down worn out components of the cell.
Function of a Ribosome
Small organelle that either floats free in the cytoplasm or is attached to the RER, where proteins are made during protein synthesis.
Function of (RER) Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
A system of membranes enclosing a fluid filled space, the membrane surface is covered with ribosomes, folds and processes proteins made by the ribosomes packaging them into vesicles.
Function of (SER) Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
A system of membranes enclosing a fluid filled space, synthesizes and processes lipids
Function of a Vesicle
A small fluid filled sac in the cytoplasm surrounded by a membrane, transports substances in and out of the cell, via the cell surface membrane, and between organelles.
Function of Golgi Apparatus
A group of flat fluid filled sacs, sometimes seen with vesicles at the edge. Processes and packages new lipids and proteins, also makes lysosomes.
Function of mitochondria
Usually oval-shaped, with a double membrane. The inner membrane is highly folded to form cristae. The fluid inside the cristae is called the matrix. The membrane forming the cristae contains enzymes used in aerobic respiration. Also contain mitochondrial DNA, produce their own enzymes and can reproduce themselves.
Function of Chloroplast
Small Flattened structure in plant cells, has a double membrane enclosing a thick fluid called stroma. They also have an internal network of membranes called thylakoid membranes, which form flatten sac called thylakoids. Several thylakoids are stacked to form granum. Grana are linked by thin pieces of thylakoid membrane called lamellae. The grana contain the chlorophyll pigments where the light-dependent reactions occur during photosynthesis.