Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

variable

A

something that can change and be measured

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2
Q

replication

A

repeating an experiment or research study

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3
Q

experimental group

A

treatment group; received an intervention

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4
Q

case study

A

a descriptive technique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

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5
Q

critical thinking

A

examine assumptions, evaluates the source, finds hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assess the conclusion; NOT just “believing something because someone said so”

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6
Q

operational definition

A

carefully worded statement of the exact procedures used in a research study

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7
Q

survey

A

self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a group

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8
Q

population

A

everyone in the group being studied; bigger than a sample

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9
Q

regression toward the mean

A

extreme scores tend to fall back to average

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10
Q

double blind procedure

A

the researcher and the participants do not know who is in the experimental group and who is in the control group.

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11
Q

placebo effect

A

any experimental results caused by expectation because the participant did not receive any active treatment, but believed he/she did

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12
Q

debriefing

A

giving an explanation of the study after the experiment is over

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13
Q

range

A

difference between the highest and lowest score

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14
Q

theory

A

general explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behavior

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15
Q

hypothesis

A

testable prediction based on a theory

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16
Q

naturalistic observation

A

a descriptive technique of observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations, not interacting, participating, or changing anything

17
Q

experiment

A

a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable)

18
Q

control group

A

comparison group; no treatment received

19
Q

Random sample

A

a small group that represents the whole population; everyone has a equal chance to be included

20
Q

independent variable

A

the factor that is manipulated in an experiment

21
Q

dependent variable

A

the variable that may change because of the manipulation; the outcome measured

22
Q

confounding variable

A

a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect

23
Q

random assignment

A

having an equal chance of being assigned to either group (experimental or control), which minimizes preexisting differences between groups

24
Q

mean

A

average

25
Q

median

A

the number in the middle

26
Q

mode

A

most frequent score

27
Q

standard deviation

A

a measurement of how much scores vary around the mean

28
Q

scatterplot

A

a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables

29
Q

intuition

A

automatic feeling or thought; not conscious reasoning

30
Q

hindsight bias

A

the tendency to believe, after learning the result I knew that all along

31
Q

correlation

A

a measure of how much two factors vary together

32
Q

correlation coefficient

A

statistical index of the relationship between two things; -1 to +1

33
Q

informed consent

A

participants need to get enough information to decide if they want to participate in an experiment

34
Q

normal curve

A

bell-shaped curve that describes the data; most scores are near the middle

35
Q

statistical significance

A

a statement based on statistics of how likely it is that a result happened by chance