Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology Unit 1 > 1.2 - Cell Ultrastructure > Flashcards

1.2 - Cell Ultrastructure Flashcards

1
Q

Unit Conversions

(km-m-mm-μm-nm)

A

km
m
mm
μm
nm

↑ /1000
↓x1000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Definitions:
Intra
Extra
Inter

A

Intra - inside
Extra - outside
Inter - between

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cell Theory

3 principles:

A

1) All living organisms are composed of one or more cells

2) Cells are the basic unit of all life

3) Cells can only arise from pre-existing cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Magnification
(calculation & triangle)

A

IAM

Magnification = image over actual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Definitions:
Magnification
Resolution
Contrast

A

Magnification = x larger the image is to the actual size of the object

Resolution = amount of detail that can be seen

Contrast = difference in colour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

1) 3 organelles in plant cells which are not present in animal cells

2) 1 organelles found in animal cells and not in plant cells

3) Why don’t animal cells have cells walls? (cell walls are … but …, which would?)

A

1) Plants: Chloroplasts, Cell wall & Permanent vacuole

2) Centrioles

3) Cells walls are protective but restrictive which would make it difficult for animals to move

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Eukaryote

[size=?]
[cell type]
[cells contain … such as …]
[DNA in … in the …]
[e.g.]
[divides via …]

A

10-100µm

Multicellular

DNA in chromosomes in the nucleus

e.g. Plant & Animal cells

Divides via cell division (mitosis & meiosis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Prokaryote

[size]
[cell type]
[No… (like a …)]
[DNA is?]
[2 Domains: … & …]
[Divides via …]

A

Unicellular

No membrane bound organelles (like a nucleus)

DNA free in cytoplasm (nucleiod region)

2 Domains: Archea & Bacteria

Divides via: Binary fusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Definition: Tissue

A

A group of cells with the same structure & function working together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Definition: Organ

A

A structural group of tissues that work together to perform a specific function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Definition: Organ System

A

A group of organs working together to perform specific functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Definition: Organisms

A

A living individual entity capable of carrying out life processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Compartmentalisation

=?
Importance (3)

A

Closed regions (usually by a membrane) within the cytoplasm

Importance:
1) Different reactions require different conditions
2) Incompatible reactions
3) Damage might be caused by lysosomes if not done

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Life

Fundamentals of life?
What is metabolism?
Where do reactions occur?

A

Chemical reactions are a fundamental process of life

Metabolism is the break down of molecules

Reactions occur in the cytoplasm of cells (separated from the external environment)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Plasma Membrane

Found in?

Referred to as a?

Functions (2) (+effective…but…)

A

Found in all cells

= Phospholipid Bilayer
Made of phospholipids
Bilayer - 2 layers with molecules within & attached to

Functions:
1) Separated cell from the external environment
2) Controls movement of substances in & out of the cell (semi-permeable)

Effective barrier but fragile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Internal Membranes

…-permeable - allow but restricts what?

They…a cell, which? enabling?

A

Semi-permeable - allows passage of certain substances while restricting others

Internal membranes compartmentalise a cells which facilitates specialised environments enabling specific biochemical process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Nucleus

contains? in form of?
↪️combines with? to form?

directs? because?

Contained within? called? to what?
↪️this contains? which allow? - DNA = too large so is?

Material within the nucleus=?

Nucleolus=?
responsible for?
↪️composed of? RNA produces?
↪️… combines with…
to form

A

The nucleus contains genetic information in the form of DNA molecules
DNA combines with proteins to form chromosomes which direct protein synthesis because they’re the site of transcription

Contained within a double membrane (nuclear envelope) to protect it from reactions that occur in the cytoplasm
Within the nuclear envelope are nuclear pores which allow the passage of molecules (DNA too large to leave so is transcribed into smaller RNA molecules)

Nucleoplasm= material within the nucleus which contains chromatin (DNA combined with histone protein). Chromatin coil & condense during cell division to form chromosomes

Nucleolus = spherical area within the nucleus
Responsible for producing ribosomes
Composed of RNA & proteins
RNA produces rRNA
rRNA combines with proteins to form ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Prokaryotic DNA

…stand of DNA (… chromosome)
↪️found in the?

…(circular) = more…

… are turned on/off …

A

One molecule of DNA (1 chromosome)
↪️found in the nucleoid region

Coiled so is more compact

Genes are turned on/off individually

19
Q

Mitochondria

Site of? energy stored is? Provides energy for?
Metabolically active cells require? so?

Structure? … membrane separated by?
Inner membrane folds to? Which?
Fluid inside =?

Contains […s] … & …
↪️allows mitochondria to?

A

SITE OF AEROBIC RESPIRATION
Energy stored is made available by the production of ATP - provides energy for protein synthesis & vesicle movement
Metabolically active cells need more energy so need more ATP so contain more mitochondria

Double membrane separated by an intermembrance space
Inner membrane folds to form cristae
Fluid inside = matrix (contains compounds)

Contains [70s] ribosomes & a small amount of DNA called mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
↪️allows mitochondria to produce its own proteins & reproduce themselves

20
Q

Chloroplasts

Site of?
Found in? Present more in?

…membrane called?
Fluid inside=? Inside=…called? these stack to form? which are joined by?
↪️these contain? which is where?
This arrangement produces?
↪️which is?

Contains […s]… & …
↪️which allows chloroplasts to?

A

SITE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Found in green parts of plants (e.g leaves & stems)

Bound by a double membrane called the Chloroplast Envelope
Fluid inside = stroma
↪️within the stroma, there are sacs called thylakoids which stack together to form granum - granum are then joined by lamellae
Grana contain chlorophyll which is where reactions occur
This arrangement produces a large surface area which is efficient at trapping light

Contains [70s] ribosomes & a small amount of DNA which enables them to produce their own proteins & reproduce themselves

21
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

=? (network of? enclosing?)
Connected to?

2 types: …&…
RER - has … connected to the? which … proteins which then enter the … for?
SER - does not have … connected to the …, responsible for?

Cells that … large quantities of …, have?

A

Network of double membranes enclosing cisternae
Connected to the nuclear envelope

2 types: Rough & Smooth
RER - has ribosomes on the outer surface, these ribosomes synthesise proteins which then enter the RER for modification & transport
SER - no ribosomes connected to the surface, responsible for lipid & carb synthesis & transport

Cells that store large quantities of macronutrients have more endoplasmic reticulum’s

22
Q

Ribosomes

Not surrounded by?
Made from …&… (made in the…)

Site of?

Occur … in both?
In eukaryotic cells, they are also? And found in? They are referred to as […s] & can form?
In prokaryotic cells, they are … & referred to as […s]

A

Not surrounded by a membrane

Made from rRNA & proteins (made in the nucleolus)

SITE OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Occur individually in both eukaryotic & prokaryotic cells

In eukaryotic cells, they are attached to the RER & are found in mitochondria & chloroplasts. Referred to as [80s] ribosomes & can form more complex proteins.
In prokaryotic cells, they are smaller & referred to as [70s]

23
Q

Golgi Apparatus

Has a … structure of?

Function? into? which?

May also produce secretory …&… and transport & store…

A

The Golgi Apparatus has a compact structure of cisternae

Proteins are modified & packaged into vesicles which pinch off the end

May also produce secretory enzymes & carbs and transport & store lipids

24
Q

Vesicles

Vesicles are?
That consist of?

…&…roles

A

Vesicles are membranous sacs
That consist of a double membrane with fluid inside

Storage & transport roles

25
Q

Lysosomes

Lysosomes are? That contain? Which?

They play an important role in? Because they?
Also in?

A

Lysosomes are specialised forms of vesicles that contain hydrolytic enzymes which can break down materials in cells

They play an important role in the immune system because they break down pathogens engulfed by phagocytes
(Also in cell death)

26
Q

Centrioles

Composed of?
↪️2…positioned?

… centrioles form? which is involved in the? During?
(Spindle fibres do what?)

A

Composed of microtubules
↪️2 cylinders positioned perpendicular to eachother

2 centrioles form a centrosome, which is involved in the assembly & organisation of spindle fibres during cell division
(Spindle fibres separate chromosomes during cell division)

27
Q

Vacuoles

Plant cells:
They are?
Bound by a? Called the?
Cell sap=… that stores?
[…&…]
Functions (4)

Animal cell:
If present in animal cells, they are …&… …

A

Plant cells:
Membranous sac containing cell sap

Bound by a single membrane called the tonoplast
Cell sap = fluid that stores chemicals

[Large & Permanent]

Functions:
1) Storage
2) Turgor pressure
3) Waste management
4) Control water levels

Animal cells:
Small & temporary vesicles

28
Q

Cellulose Cell Wall
(Plant)

Cell wall surrounds?
Consists of? (… carb) {in fungi?}
↪️Cellulose molecules are? Which… into? Enclosed within?

Functions (4)
1) Cell wall is… so allows?
2) … strength due to?
3) Allows … - resists?
4) Cell … - has … where … can? Creates? (…) Which provides?

A

The cell wall surrounds the plasma membrane

Consists of cellulose (complex carb)
{in fungi, it’s made from chitin}
Cellulose molecules are held together in microfibres which aggregate into fibres enclosed within pectin

Functions:
1) Permeable - allows passage of molecules
2) Mechanical strength - complex structure makes it strong
3) Allows turgidity - turgor pressure increases, cell wall resists expansion + doesn’t burst when full
4) Cell communication - cell wall has pores where plasmodesmata can pass through. Cell wall creates cytoplasmic continuity (symplast) which provides a communication pathway

29
Q

Prokaryotic Cell Wall

made of? (…)

A

Made of peptidoglycan (murein)

30
Q

Interrelated Organelles
(protein synthesis)

1) Nucleus contains? Which direct?
2) … pores allow … to leave & attach to … bound to the …
3) Ribosomes contain … which is made from … found in the …
4) … synthesis proteins
5) Proteins made move through the … and are further … & … into …
6) These … pinch off the … and move towards & … with the … … where they are?
7) … … produces … which pinch off - may form … (used in) or … … which?

A

1) Nucleus contains genetic info which direct protein synthesis
2) Nuclear pores (in nuclear envelope) allow rRNA to leave & attach to ribosomes bound to the RER
3) Ribosomes contain rRNA which is made from RNA which is found in the nucleolus
4) Ribosomes synthesis proteins (producing them in their primary structure)
5) Proteins made in the ribosomes move through the RER for further modification & are packaged into vesicles
6) These vesicles pinch off the RER & move towards & fuse with the Golgi apparatus where they are further modified
7) Golgi apparatus produces vesicles which pinch off - may form lysosomes (used in cell) or secretory vesicles (which move towards the plasma membrane for exocytosis)

31
Q

Viruses

small - can’t be seen by?

They are? - which means?
Do not have (3)

Outside cell, it’s called a?
When invading a cell, they … & …?

Structure - consist of … surrounded by?

Viruses can be …

A

Viruses are small, cannot be seen by light microscopes but can be seen by electron microscopes +

Acellular - not made up of cells
Do not have a nucleus, organelles or cytoplasm

Outside living cell, exists as a ‘virion’
When they invade a cell, they are able to modify the cells metabolism & reproduce

Viruses consist of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat (capsid)

Viruses can be crystallised

32
Q

Virus Reproduction

What cells can be infected?

Inside host - gain what ability?

A virus enters? Then? And use the cells … to?

A

All cells of living organisms can be infected with viruses

When inside a host, viruses gain the ability to reproduce itself (the only characteristic of life shown by a virus)

A virus enters the plasma membrane of cells & releases & replicates its genetic material while facilitating the manufacture of its proteins by using the host’s ribosomes

33
Q

Differentiation

Stem cells have the?
Differentiation=?
As cells differentiate, they become?

A

Stem cells have the potential to become any cell type

Differentiation = development of cells into a specific type

As cells differentiate, they become specialised in structure & function

34
Q

3 types of mammalian tissues

A

1) Epithelial
2) Muscular
3) Connective

35
Q

Epithelial Tissue

Forms? Which covers the … & … surface of the …

No … but may have …
The cells that make up the tissues are called?
The cells sit on a?
The cells are made of … & … and vary in?

Often have a … and/or … function

A

Forms a continuous layers which converts the internal & external surface of the body

No blood vessels but may have nerve endings

Made from epithelial cells
The cells sit on a basement membrane
The cells are made of collagen & protein and vary in shape & complexity

Often have a protective &/or secretory function

36
Q

Structure of Epithelial Tissues + where they are found

3 types? {names}
1) have a … shape & the tissue is? Found in?
2) have a … layer of … cells + many? Found in?
3) consist of … cells on a?which form? Found in?

A

1) Cuboidal, 2) Columnar, 3) Squamous

1) Have a cube shape & the tissue is one cell thick, found in kidney
2) Have a single layer of elongated cells + many cilia, found in trachea
3) Consist of flattened cells on a basement membrane which form walls, found in alveoli

37
Q

Muscle Tissue: SKELETAL

is attached to? So gives the body?

Consists of … wrapped together by?

Voluntary so?

Why are they also called striated?

Contraction?

A

Skeletal muscle is attached to bones so gives the body its shape & allows movement

Skeletal muscle consists of fibres wrapped together by connective tissue

You can control the contractions so they are voluntary

Striped can be seen when viewing under a microscope so they are known as striated muscles

Powerful contraction, but muscle tires easily

38
Q

Muscle Tissue: SMOOTH

has individual … shaped cells that can contract … - helps with?

Occurs in the? In? & in the …&… tracts

They cannot be controlled so are … muscles

Do not have stripes so are also called?

Contraction?

A

Has individual spindal shaped cells that can contract rhythmically - helps with digestion

Occurs in the skin, in blood vessels
& in the digestive & respiratory tracts

They are involuntary - cannot be controlled

Do not have stripes so are also called unstriated muscles

Contraction less powerful that skeletal but doesn’t tire easily

39
Q

Muscle Tissue: CARDIAC

Only found in the? Responsible for?

Has intercalated? That … the cells & is?

They are … muscles that contract … to propel …
Nerves & hormones can modify??
The cells have … so are also known as … muscles but do not have the … like?

Contraction more powerful than … & don’t not …

A

Only found in the heart - responsible for pumping blood through the body

Has intercalated discs connect the cells + branched

They are involuntary muscles that contract rhythmically to propel blood. Nerves & hormones can modify the contractions

The cells have stripes so are known as striated muscles also but don’t have the fibre like skeletal muscle

More powerful contraction than smooth & does not tire

40
Q

Connective Tissue

…&… tissues
made from …&… found in the … matrix
… provides
… provides

Between the fibres are?
Connective tissues help?
Examples of connective tissue?

A

Connective tissue connects & supports tissues

Made from collagen & elastin found in the extracellular matrix
Collagen fibres provide strength & stability
Elastin fibres provide elasticity & flexibility

Between the fibres are fat storing cells called (adipocytes)

Help repair & heal damaged tissues

Blood, bone & cartilage are classed as connective tissue

41
Q

Cilia

are … like structures that …
Cilia can be … or …

If they are …, they are … organelles (example?)

If they are …, they … in a … manner which creates a … and causes? (gets …)

They have a … … arrangement where? That … over each other causing …

A

Cilia are hair like structure that protrude (extend above surface)
Cilia can be mobile or stationary

If they are stationary, they are sensory organelles (e.g nose hair)

If they are mobile, they beat in a rhythmic manner which creates a current & causes objects to move (gets wafted)

They have a 9+2 microtubule arrangement where 2 central microtubules are surrounded by 9 pairs of microtubules. The microtubules slide over each other causing movement

42
Q

Flagella

Eukaryotic:
Flagella are…like structure that… providing…
A … like motion is caused by the? Where? This motion can … the cell

Prokaryotic:
The flagella are…with no … … arrangement
A … body is attached to? & … by a?
A … motor causes a? Causing? That?
Energy provided by?

A

Eukaryotic:
Flagella are whip like structure that protrude
A whip like motion is generated by a 9+2 microtubules arrangement where the microtubules slide over each other which propels a cell

Prokaryotic:
The flagella are thinner with no 9+2 microtubule arrangement so must create movement another way.
Attached to the plasma membrane by a basal body & rotates by a molecular motor
A molecular motor causes a hook to rotate causing whip like movement that propels
Energy for this is provided by chemiosmosis

43
Q

Sensory Organelles

Detect?

A

Sensory organelles detect chemical changes in the cells environment

44
Q

Why might 2 identical organelles look different?

A

Cut at different planes
(longitudinal & latitudinal)

Biology Unit 1 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions