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History > 1.2 - Cuba > Flashcards

1.2 - Cuba Flashcards

1
Q

When did Castro launch the guerrilla War against Batista?

A

December 1956

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2
Q

What happened in the Guerrilla War against Batista?

A

Launched by Castro, Batista’s army drove Castro’s forces into Sierra Maestro Mountains but could not defeat them, Che Guevra helped Castro build up well-trained fighters and defeated Batista

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3
Q

When did Batista leave Cuba?

A

1st January 1959

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4
Q

When did Castro set up a new government?

A

1959

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5
Q

Why was the revolution a success?

A

supported by people from all backgrounds (e.g. business people, middle class, rural+urban poor)

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6
Q

When was Mikoyan invited to Cuba?

A

February 1960

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7
Q

Why did Mikoyan visit Cuba, and what happened?

A

Castro invited Mikoyan (deputy chairman of Soviet Council of Ministers) to visit Havana - he returned boasting of the success of the Cuban revolution

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8
Q

When did Khrushchev threaten the US with a missile attack and why would they?

A

July 1960 if US invaded Cuba

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9
Q

When did Kennedy come into power?

A

1961

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10
Q

What role did Kennedy play in the Berlin crisis?

A

Unable to intervene, only gave verbal condemnation

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11
Q

When and where did Khrushchev and Kennedy meet?

A

June 1961 in Vienna

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12
Q

When was the Agrarian Reform Law introduced and what was it?

A

1961 - limited size of farm holdings

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13
Q

When did Cuba adopt a communist policy?

A

1961

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14
Q

When was the Bay of Pigs Invasion?

A

April 1961

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15
Q

When did Kennedy write a newspaper article and about what?

A

March 1962 - wrote article in leading US newspaper making it clear his belief he was entitled to use a nuclear strike

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16
Q

When did the CIA organise large-scale military manoeuvres?

A

Summer 1962

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17
Q

When were missiles placed in Cuba and what?

A

August 1962 - soviets secretly deploy medium-range nuclear missiles in Cuba

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18
Q

When did the US find out about the soviet missiles in Cuba and how?

A

14th Oct 1962 - US U-2 spy plane brings back photos of missile bases under construction in Cuba + intelligence services spot soviet ships carrying military supplies towards Cuba

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18
Q

When was the Quarantine Zone established?

A

22nd October 1962

18
Q

When, where and with what did the soviet ship Indigirka arrive at Cuba?

A

4th October 1962 - landed at port of Mariel in Cuba with enough nuclear warheads to equip at least 158 strategic + nuclear weapons

19
Q

When was Khrushchev’s 1st message to JFK?

A

26th October 1962

20
Q

When was Khrushchev’s 2nd message to JFK?

A

27th October 1962

21
Q

When was the US spy plane shot down over Cuba, and what did Kennedy do?

A

27th October 1962 - Kennedy does not retaliate

22
Q

When was the Hotline established and why?

A

1963 - linked Soviet + US leaders directly so tension could be rapidly diffused

23
Q

When was the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty signed and what was agreed?

A

1963 - banned testing of nuclear weapons above ground and underwater

24
Q

When was Khrushchev dismissed as Soviet leader?

A

1964

25
Q

What did Castro do to limit US influence in Cuba?

(2 points)

A
  • Castro seized property owned by major US firms e.g. United Fruit Company
  • When US-owned oil refineries in Cuba refused to take Soviet oil, they were nationalised
26
Q

What happened at the Bay of Pigs Invasion?

(4 points)

A
  • After revolution Eisenhower cut off all trade in arms + sugar to Cuba + implemented trade embargoes → Cuba pushed into soviet hands, who willingly took advantage of situation
  • 1400 Cuban exiles landed south of Havana at Playa Girón on Bay of Pigs (never got further than the beach due to lack of ammunition)
  • US hoped invasion would lead to popular uprising against Castro - overly optimistic
  • Last minute Kennedy cancelled bombing raids by US air force + landing by US marines
27
Q

What was the aftermath of the Bay of Pigs Invasion?

A
  • US forced to pay $53m in food + medical supplies to have captured invaders returned (1214/1400)
    Kennedy looks too young + inexperienced to deal with communism threat
  • Lead to organisation of Operation Mongoose
  • Lewis Gaddis said it was a ‘monumental disaster for the United States’
  • CIA devised plans for Castro’s assassination + large-scale military manoeuvres took place in Caribbean Sea (summer of 1962) in anticipation for another invasion
28
Q

What was Operation Mongoose?

A

series of CIA tasks aimed at undermining Castro government - over 10,000 Cuban exiles sent in secret to Cuba to blow up railway lines, poison sugar crops + blow up shops and factories

29
Q

What happened at the Soviet-Cuban accord?

A

Khrushchev + Castro discussed placement of missiles in Cuba without US knowing

30
Q

What was the benefit to Castro and Khrushchev of placing missiles in Cuba?

A

1) Would correct strategic imbalance caused by construction of US missile bases in Turkey + W.Europe as US could be threatened by medium-range Soviet missiles, closes missile gap between US + USSR
2) Castro could defend revolution in Cuba

31
Q

What happened when US found out about the missiles in Cuba?

A
  • Kept from US public
  • Kennedy calls Executive Committee of the US National Security Council to discuss options (either launch surprise air attack -risky- or appeal to UN -take too long-)
  • Draw up plans for possible Cuban invasion
32
Q

What was the Quarantine zone, and what happened?

(6 points)

A
  • Set up by US Navy 800km from Cuban coast
  • For stopping + searching Soviet ships
  • US forces on standby for conflict → 54 bombers (each with 4 nuclear warheads), 150 intercontinental missiles aimed at USSR armed
  • Nuclear Polar submarines put to sea
  • Kennedy announces to public presence of Soviet missiles in Cuba + makes it clear if any were fired, he would launch a massive nuclear attack on USSR
  • 10:25am soviet ships approach zone but stop and turn away
33
Q

What was Khrushchev’s 1st message?

A

Khrushchev informs US he would withdraw missiles for a guarantee US would not invade Cuba (took 12 hours to be transmitted by cable) → realised made him look weak

34
Q

What was Khrushchev’s 2nd message?

A

Khrushchev informs US he would withdraw missiles and demands in return for the 15 US Jupiter missile bases in Turkey to be dismantled

35
Q

How did Kennedy respond to Khrushchev’s messages?

A

Kennedy officially responds to 1st and secretly to 2nd → agreed as long as Soviets kept offer from public

36
Q

How was Cuba a success for Kennedy?

(2 points)

A

1) Gained much needed foreign policy success - 1962 → kennedy desperate to secure foreign policy against Soviet Union
2) Prestige increased massively (known as the one who had called Khrushchev’s bluff)

37
Q

How was Cuba a failure for Kennedy?

A
  • Left with communist neighbour
  • Had to remove missiles from Turkey
38
Q

How was Cuba a success for Khrushchev?

(3 points)

A

1) Could claim credit for securing US promise not to invade Cuba
2) Described Cuba as a ‘great victory’ in his memoirs
3) Got missiles in turkey to be removed

39
Q

How was Cuba a failure for Khrushchev?

(3 points)

A

1) Received criticism (accused of surrendering to US)
2) Weakened position within USSR (army never forgave him)
3) Contributed to dismissal in 1964

40
Q

What was the result for Cuba?

(3 points)

A

1) Felt betrayed by Khrushchev - not involved in soviet removal of missiles
2) Soviets continued providing large amounts of economic aid, but restrained him from promoting revolution in other parts of central America (to prevent provoking another conflict with US)
3) Continued communist with USSR economic support - same as before crisis

41
Q

What was the result of Cuba for USSR?

(2 points)

A

1) Shocked by US nuclear superiority → wanted to be at least equal → began ambitious programme for construction of intercontinental ballistic missiles
2) Built up their navy (US navy powerful enough to establish quarantine zone)

42
Q

What agreements were made and why?

A

1) Nuclear Test Ban Treaty + Hotline in 1963
2) both sides were now aware of mutually assured destruction

43
Q

Why did Castro limit US influence in Cuba?

A

Castro wanted Cuba to be independent from US control

44
Q

What defended the Soviet medium-range nuclear missiles in Cuba?

(4 points)

A

40,000 soviet troops
anti-aircraft batteries
short-range battlefield rockets
MIG-21 fighter planes

45
Q

What was the name of the meeting where Khrushchev + Castro discussed placement of missiles in Cuba without US knowing?

A

Soviet-Cuban Accord

History (14 decks)

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