lesson 8 sleep (paper prep 2)

Question 1

walker

Answer 1

-sleep deprivation leads to multiple neurological and psychiatric diseases (alzheimers, anxiety, depression, bipolar, cancer, diabetes, obesity)

-ways lack of sleep can kill:
1) concentration: car crash (2 sec microsleep)
2) baseline resettling: chronic sleep deprivation becomes accepted baseline and leads to constant sub optimal functioning
3) sleep deprivation can equal same amount of impairment as drunk driving

-power naps cant replace sleep

sleep deprivation=emotional irrationality (emotion centers too reactive without sleep due to unevenness neurologically between emotional gas pedal of amygdala and emotional brake of prefontal cortex)- too sad, suicide and too happy and hypersensitive to pleasure, drug addiction

-tired and forgetful students try to cram and pull all nighters (can learn it but too tired to recall)
-learning in chunks instead of all at once exam

-sleep quality deteriorates as we sleep and memory decline linked to alzheimers

Question 2

humans on average sleep

Answer 2

8 hours, 1/3 of our life

Question 3

first way we learned about sleep

Answer 3

recording electrical activity from sleeping brains

Question 4

in addition to local firing neurons do

Answer 4

there are also waves of multiple neurons firing during activity cascades during sleep

Question 5

beta waves

Answer 5

-low amplitude
-high cognitive engagement- talking to someone, paying attention (being aware)

Question 6

alpha waves

Answer 6

-amplitude is higher than beta
-lower cognitive engagement

Question 7

theta waves (stage 2 sleep)

Answer 7

-slighter higher amplitude than alpha
-drifting off, daydreaming
-elongation of the length of time between peaks of brainwave activity

Question 8

delta waves

Answer 8

asleep (first electrical markers that someone is asleep, spindles and k complex)

Question 9

how long does it take for deep stage of sleep

Answer 9

hour to 90 minutes

Question 10

rem activity

Answer 10

Rapid eye movement sleep
characterized by eyes darting back and forth under eyelids while sleeping

Question 11

what happens in sleep cycle for mammals

Answer 11

back and forth between awake, stage 1-4, and rem sleep

Question 12

stages of sleep

Answer 12

awake, stage 1-4, rem sleep

Question 13

what percent of sleep is rem for almost all mammals

Answer 13

25%

Question 14

do birds rem sleep

Answer 14

yes but only for a couple minutes each night

Question 15

do reptiles and amphibians sleep

Answer 15

not rem

Question 16

behavioral sleep/rest

Answer 16

periods of quiescence needed by insects and fish

Question 17

circadian rhythm

Answer 17

Circadian rhythms are physical, mental, and behavioral changes that follow a 24-hour cycle. These natural processes respond primarily to light and dark and affect most living things, including animals, plants, and microbes

Question 18

how do dolphins breathe

Answer 18

they need to breathe air so they sleep with half their brain active and sleeps on that side (right sleeps, left awake and vice versa)

Question 19

slow wave sleep

Answer 19

information goes to thalamus (beta waves) and as you sleep, thalamus is passing on less and less information and activity in cortex goes down (which is why you cant hear when asleep)
gating/preventing information flow (non rem)

Question 20

rem sleep in literature

Answer 20

not until 1950s (put electrodes on kids and discovered kids fall directly into rem sleep)

Question 21

what happens during rem

Answer 21

pons initiates rem sleep by telling the thalamus to wake up and interact with some parts of the brain and not others (vision, motor activity, emotion) that causes dreams

-doesnt activate higher order reasoning or logical thought

-sends inhibitory signal to spinal cord so people experiencing rem cant move

Question 21

if i woke you up during rem

Answer 21

you’d feel like you were dreaming

Question 22

atonia

Answer 22

-not being able to move during rem

-can cut link by severing link between pons and spinal column

(develops over time)

Question 23

loss of rem related atonia

Answer 23

animals had connection between spinal cord and pons cut, animal is asleep but is moving and engaging in sexual behavior, eating behavior, instinctual behaviors

Question 24

sleepwalking

Answer 24

isnt rem related, dont dream

Question 25

how does parkinson’s affect sleep

Answer 25

common loss of atonia (during rem move around a lot and acting out what’s in their head, tends to be very dangerous)

Question 26

lucid dreaming

Answer 26

dreaming but have awareness that youre dreaming and can direct the dream

Question 27

case of yh

Answer 27

member of israeli defense forces
-cognitively intact but does not dream since accident
-never enters rem but goes back and forth between stages 1-4
-shrapnel in palms led to lack of dreaming
-head injury damaged pons so wasn’t able to initiate rem

Question 28

why do we dream? freud

Answer 28

-wrong: dreams as the guardian of sleep

-tension between wanting to do what you want vs human domestication was central challenge for humans as organized civilization

-psychic pain due to what your parents do causes us to put those things in our unconscious repository (they want to get out)

-dangerous or salacious thoughts only able to surpass consciousness shield in dream, where unconscious can insert thoughts in mind

-transforms into dreams where you can think of salacious or dangerous content without realizing it as such

-instead of sex think of train into tunnel, brain doesnt realize forbidden thoughts

Question 29

why do we dream? hobson

Answer 29

right- activation synthesis model:
-no unconscious secret message
-whatever your brain needs to do in the moment is what you dream about
-brain adopts set of activations from thalamus
-other parts of brain synthesis combine info from motor, visual cortex, emotional areas and make a narrative event you experience

-relates to things going on in everyday life

Question 30

latent content

Answer 30

what the unconscious is trying to convey (sex, murder)

Question 31

manifest content

Answer 31

what we consciously think about (trains, tunnels, mountains)

Question 32

why is freud wrong

Answer 32

forbidden content makes its way into dreams all the time without interrupting sleep

other mammals and birds experience rem and dream

fetuses also experience rem in utero (no housebreaking or psychic pain)

Question 33

features of dreams

Answer 33

visual hallucination
motor behavior
emotional content
loss of self directed thought and self reflection
reduction in logical reasoning
poor memory after

Question 34

higher order area

Answer 34

dorsolateral pfc

Question 35

motor area

Answer 35

basal ganglia, motor cortex, cerebellum

Question 36

emotional social areas

Answer 36

amygdala, ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Question 37

main differences in variation of sleep

Answer 37

age, not sex

Question 38

why do we sleep

Answer 38

energy conservation during low production hours of the day
brain restoration when glial cells cant do everything by themselves, deep clean
memory consolidation with hippocampus creating stable patterns to form long term memories

Question 39

what does sleep deprivation do

Answer 39

impairs cognitive performance
takes a very long time to get back to baseline- lingering effects and takes longer than a weekend to “catch up on sleep”

Question 40

experiment for determining how sleep deprivation impairs cognitive activity

Answer 40

slowly decrease the amount of sleep 3 groups can have- 9 hrs, 5hr, 3 hrs, and see how sluggish or fast their detection and reaction is over the span of a week

Question 41

experiment for determining how sleep enhances memory consolidation

Answer 41

two groups, one can sleep all they want and one cant

given words to remember when sleep deprived or good nights sleep

tested when well rested- difference is did they encounter info when asleep or awake (all nighters dont work, you wont be able to recall info)

Question 42

sleep enhances procedural memory experiment

Answer 42

subject asked to type code (two kinds of people, some trained at morning and some trained at night and type faster when they wake up

Question 43

sleep enhances creativity and insight

Answer 43

august kekule dreaming of snake eating tail and realized ring structure of chemical

Question 44

stages of sleep

Answer 44

beta (alert and awake)
alpha
theta
delta
rem