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zz g2 > urban futures > Flashcards

urban futures Flashcards

1
Q

What is urbanisation?

A
  • The growth in the proportion of a country’s population living in urban areas
  • more than 50% of the world’s population currently live in urban areas
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2
Q

Describe the settlement hierarchy

A
  • conurbation (top)
  • city
  • large town
  • small town
  • village
  • hamlet
  • isolated dweling or farm
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3
Q

Describe ACs

A
  • more economically developed
    e.g. UK, Japan, Germany
  • urbanisation happened earlier in ACs
    e.g. during the Industrial Revolution
  • slow rates of urban growth
  • people desiring a better quality of life are moving away from overcrowded cities to rural areas
  • good transport & communication networks means people can live in rural areas an commute to cities or work from home
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4
Q

Describe LIDCs

A
  • less economically developed
    e.g. Ethiopia, Nepal
  • not many of the population live in urban areas
  • fastest rates of urbanisation
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5
Q

Describe EDCs

A
  • economic development is increasing
    e.g. Brazil, China, Russia
    Percent of population living in urban areas varies
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6
Q

Describe a megacity

A
  • an urban area with over 10 million people living there
  • can be a single city or a conurbation (where neighbouring towns and cities have spread and merged together)
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7
Q

Describe a world city

A
  • a city that has an influence over the whole world
  • are centres for trade and businesses
  • hubs of culture and science, with international media centres
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8
Q

What are the characteristics of a world city?

A
  • headquarters of multinational companies based in the city
  • centre for innovation in business
  • major centre for manufactering
  • financial services; home of an important stock exchange or major banks
  • regional importance compared with other cities
  • highly rated unis, often specialising in research, link to a high quality of healthcare provision
  • cultrual opportunities, including opera and cinema
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9
Q

How has the number of megacities changed over time?

A
  • in 1950 only 2 megacities : NY and Tokyo
  • by 2014, 28 mega cities
  • predicted 41 in 2030
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10
Q

How has the number of world cities changed over time?

A
  • 1950 only Paris, London, Tokyo and NY
  • number of world cities has increased
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11
Q

What is rural-urban migration?

A
  • the movement of people from the countryside to the cities
  • rapid urbanisation in LIDCs is being caused by a combination of push and pull factors
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12
Q

What is a push factor?

A
  • things that encourage people to leave an area
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13
Q

What is a pull factor?

A
  • things that encourage people to move to an area
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14
Q

What are the push factors for rural-urban migration?

A
  • natural disasters can damage property and farmland which people can’t afford to repair
  • mechanisation of agricultural equipment - farms require fewer workers so there’s fewer job
  • drought can make land unproductive so people can no longer support themselves
  • conflict or war can cause people to flee their homes
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15
Q

What are the pull factors for rural-urban migration?

A
  • there are more jobs in urban areas that are often better paid
  • access to better health care and education
  • to join other family members
  • better quality of life
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16
Q

What is internal growth?

A
  • when the birth rate is higher than the death right
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17
Q

How does internal growth cause urbanisation?

A
  • birth rate tends to be higher in cities because young people move to urban areas
  • these people have children in the cities - increasing the urban population
  • in LIDCs, better healthcare can be found in cities, meaning people living in urban areas live longer
  • reducing death rates and increasing the proportion of people in urban areas
18
Q

What are the economic consequences of rapid urbanisation?

A
  • not enough jobs for everyone, leading to high levels of unemployment
  • lots of people work in the informal sector, where jobs aren’t taxed or regulated by the government
  • people often work long hours in dangerous conditions for little pay
  • may not have access to education so they are unable to develop skills needed to get a better job
19
Q

What are the social consequences of rapid urbanisation?

A
  • aren’t enough houses for everyone - many people end up in squatter settlements that are badly built and overcrowded
  • infrastructure can’t be built fast enough - people often don’t have access to basic services causing poor health
    e.g. clean water, proper sewers or electricity
  • high levels of crime
20
Q

What are the environmental consequences of rapid urbanisation?

A
  • waste disposal services, sewage systems and environmental regulations for factories can’t keep pace
  • rubbish often isn’t collected or it may end up in big rubbish heaps
  • can damage the environment
  • sewage and toxic chemicals can get into rivers, harming wildlife
  • the road system may not be able to cope with all the vehicles
  • congestion causes increased greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution
21
Q

What is suburbanisation?

A
  • the movement of people from city centres to the outskirts
22
Q

What are the push factors for suburbanisation?

A
  • urban areas can be overcrowded, polluted, have high crime rates, little green space
  • quality of life lower
  • government often clear low quality city centre housing and provide new houses outside the city
    e.g. 1950-1970 slum clearances in England
  • deindustrialisation in city centre leads to people having to leave cities in search of employment in new industrial areas
  • unemployment increases, therefore less money to spend, so local shops and services may be forced to close
  • fewer local services for people living in the city centre
23
Q

What are the pull factors for suburbanisation?

A
  • lower population density in suburban areas - more open green space, safer, family friendly
  • planning laws may be more relaxed, easier to build houses
  • developers build new housing estates on the edges of urban areas, offering large modern houses with gardens
  • improvements in public transport and increasing car ownership means people can live in suburbs and commute to work
  • rents are cheaper, which attracts business
  • jobs and services become available in suburbs, encouraging people to live there
24
Q

What are the economic consequences of suburbanisation?

A
  • fewer people living in inner city areas, and part of cities that are mainly offices can be deserted after work hours
  • shops, restaurants and other amenities may struggle for customers and close
  • as businesses leave, unemployment increases
  • leads to lower living standards and poverty
25
Q

What are the social consequences of suburbanisation?

A
  • buildings in city centre are abandoned and may become derelict
  • lead to city becoming rundown
  • wealthier middle-class people may move to the suburbs where there is a better quality of life
  • leaves poor people behind (foreign immigrants) which can lead to economic and ethnic segregation
26
Q

What are the environmental consequences of suburbanisation?

A
  • new housing estates are built on open countryside, which affects wildlife habitats
  • more ground is concreted over increasing surface run-off and risk of flooding
  • people commuting in the city to work means number of cars on the road increases, causing congestion and air pollution
27
Q

What is counter urbanisation?

A
  • the movement of people away from large urban areas to smaller settlements and rural areas
28
Q

What are the push factors for counter urbanisation?

A
  • push factors from suburbanisation
  • suburbs and city centres often have problems with congestion and parking
  • housing in central urban areas and and suburbs is often expensive
  • not getting value for money
29
Q

What are the pull factors for counter urbanisation?

A
  • pull factors from suburbanisation
  • houses in rural areas are often bigger and have more outside space
  • improved communication services make it easier for people to work at home
  • companies no longer need to be in a city centre, move to rural areas where land is cheaper; creates jobs
  • increased car ownership and improved public transport means people can commute to work
30
Q

What are the social consequences of counter urbanisation?

A
  • existing houses are improved however development can affect the character of rural settlements
  • lead to the creation of commuter settlements - where people live in rural areas but continue to work in the city
  • may force services in rural areas to close because of reduced demand (people spend most of their time away from the area at work)
  • more demand for houses, so house prices increase
  • younger people may not be able to afford to buy a house: population dominated by older people
  • schools in rural areas may close if new residents are older people
  • rural roads and infrastructure may struggle to cope with additional traffic
31
Q

What are the economic consequences of counter urbanisation?

A
  • some services in rural areas see an increase in business
  • newer residents are often professionals or retired people who have higher disposable incomes
  • some rural shops and services may close as wealthier residents more likely to travel to use shops and services in urban areas
  • farmers are able to make money by selling unwanted land or buildings for housing
32
Q

What are the environmental consequences of counter urbanisation?

A
  • additional traffic cause an increase in air pollution and congestion
  • new housing estates are often built on open countryside which affects wildlife habitats
33
Q

What is re-urbanisation?

A
  • the movement of people back into urban areas
34
Q

What are the push factors of re-urbanisation?

A
  • lack of jobs in some rural or suburban areas
  • fewer leisure or entertainment facilities
  • counter-urbanisation may cause high house prices
35
Q

What are the pull factors of re-urbanisation?

A
  • movement of industry and businesses out of the cities as a result of deindustrialistion may leave land derelict
  • government policies often favour redevelopment of brownfield sites over greenfield ; people are attracted back to city by new developments
  • most unis are based in urban areas, young people move there or education and stay
  • young people often want to live close to their work in areas with good entertainment services
    e.g. notting hill in london
  • once re-urbanisation has started it tends to continue - as soon as a few business invest and people start to return, it encourages other businesses to invest
36
Q

What are the economic consequences of re-urbanisation?

A
  • as people move back into the city, new shops and services open, boosts economy
  • jobs created in new businesses may not be accessible to the original residents, people whom are unskilled or semi-skilled
  • tourism in the city may increase - brings money into the city, spent on improving the area
37
Q

What are the social consequences of re-urbanisation?

A
  • as shops and businesses return, jobs are created
  • less unemployment, which can reduce crime like theft
  • local state schools benefit from increased number of students
  • however wealthier people send children to private schools or better performing schools away from city
  • original residents are often on low incomes and may not be able to afford housing - move to cheaper areas of the city
  • tension between original residents and new - crime and violence
  • shops and services catering to newer wealthier residents replace shops and services targeted at original residents
38
Q

What are the environmental consequences of re-urbanisation?

A
  • re-developing derelict brownfield sites in cities instead of greenfield protects countryside wildlife habitats
  • some brownfield sites have been derelict for a long time, so redeveloping can destroy urban wildlife habitats
39
Q

Why is water an important factor for settlement?

A
  • provides communication and opportunities for trade
  • water supply and waste disposal
40
Q

What is an economic hub?

A
  • place with lots of businesses/ TNCs
  • focal point for trade
  • have economic business beyond the hub itself

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